The dynamics and differentials of fertility in the USSR (survey results)

The results of a fertility survey carried out in the USSR in 1978 are presented. The survey included 33,076 women aged 18 to 59. Data are included on fertility rates by region and Union Republic and by urban or rural area, and on expected fertility of women aged 18 to 44. Changes in actual and desired fertility over time are compared for five-year periods from 1945 to 1978. Differences in fertility are analyzed by type of settlement, educational status, and nationality.     

Moving and union dissolution

This paper examines the effect of migration and residential mobility on union dissolution among married and cohabiting couples. Moving is a stressful life event, and a large, multidisciplinary literature has shown that family migration often benefits one partner (usually the man) more than the other Even so, no study to date has examined the possible impact of within-nation geographical mobility on union dissolution. We base our longitudinal analysis on retrospective event-history data from Austria. Our results show that couples who move frequently have a significantly higher risk of union dissolution, and we suggest a variety of mechanisms that may explain this.     

Changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action

Indian society suffers from substantial inequalities in education, employment, and income based on caste and ethnicity. Compensatory or positive discrimination policies reserve 15% of the seats in institutions of higher education and state and central government jobs for people of the lowest caste, the Scheduled Caste; 7.5% of the seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribe. These programs have been strengthened by improved enforcement and increased funding in the 1990s. This positive discrimination has also generated popular backlash and on-the-ground sabotage of the programs. This paper examines the changes in educational attainment between various social groups for a period of nearly 20 years to see whether educational inequalities have declined over time. We use data from a large national sample survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years--1983, 1987-1988, 1993-1994, and 1999-2000--and focus on the educational attainment of children and young adults aged 6-29. Our results show a declining gap between dalits, adivasis, and others in the odds of completing primary school. Such improvement is not seen for Muslims, a minority group that does not benefit from affirmative action. We find little improvement in inequality at the college level. Further, we do not find evidence that upper-income groups, the so-called creamy layer of dalits and adivasis, disproportionately benefit from the affirmative action programs at the expense of their lower-income counterparts.     

在国际统计学会第44届会议议题为《1980年次人口普查》的科学讨论会上的讨论发言

国际统计学会第44届会议1983年9月12日—22日在西班牙首都马德里召开期间,在议题为《1980年次人口普查》的科学讨论会上,宣读了以下四篇特邀论文:(1)联合国统计司游允中先生的《1980年次人口普查概况及其中出现的问题》,(2)我国国家统计局局长李成瑞同志的《中国1982年人口普查的质量控制》,(3)法国M·贝利尔及丁·德·比埃先生的《法国1982年人口普查中的编码体系》,(4)美国密执安大学名誉教授L·基什与联合国统计司V·弗玛先生的《普查加样本:二者相互结合的使用与设计》。 芬兰统计学家,曾被联合国派往五十多个国家协助人口普查的卡尼斯托先生被邀请对上述论文进行评论。他在评论李成瑞同志的论文时,对我国1982年人口普查工作给予了高度评价。他在发言中还对世界人口普查提出了一些值得重视的意见。以下是他的讨论发言全文。     

中小企业服务体系建设与信息咨询业发展──常州市中小企业问卷调查

苏南的中小企业在市场竞争的压力下,已经从数量扩张向体制改革、结构调整、技术创新和布局集中转变,但经营状况不容乐观。培育中小企业社会化服务体系,加强与完善中小企业立法,改善中小企业的融资环境,帮助中小企业充分利用信息咨询系统进行决策和管理,对中小企业的持续稳定发展具有重要意义。     

论现代逻辑的应用

现代逻辑的价值和意义,在于其在理论上的应用。对于纯数学的基础和结构来说,现代逻辑是一种非常有用的工具,包括哥德尔不完全性定理等,都利用了现代逻辑的技术和成果。某些现代逻辑技术已经广泛应用到了工程学之中,例如,计算机工程就基于现代逻辑的高级成果。反过来,这些应用又刺激了逻辑理论本身取得更多的进步。     

中国出现新乡村性？——基于长江三角洲地区乡村旅游发展的研究

在中国,越来越多城市居民喜欢利用周末及节假日前往乡村地区休闲度假,给旅游地理学和休闲地理学研究带来了新的研究方向,为研究中国新型的甚至是未知的城乡关系提供了新的视角。这种新的休闲度假趋势主要产生于大中型城市周边的乡村地区。以位于长江三角洲的上海周边郊区为例,研究新型乡村旅游在城郊地区的发展,在保留和修缮传统乡村景观的同时,也产生出新型景观。旅游的发展促使乡村地区结构重组,建立了乡村旅游从业者的经营活动与当地农业发展之间的新联系。从中区分出两种乡村旅游经营模式:一种是为了适应当地乡村现代化发展需要并在当地政府支持下发展起来的乡村旅游示范村;另一种则是由个人开发且相对独立的小型农家乐或乡村旅游景点。这些地区乡村旅游的快速发展既有利于当地发展支柱产业,调整产业结构,扩大经济活动范围,也为城市居民重新审视乡村世界提供新视角。     

帝国大厦的经济含义——近代新疆实况

在19世纪西方商船到达中国南部沿海之前,对中国清政权的最主要的外部威胁来自准噶尔,它是西部蒙古的一支。17世纪前期,准噶尔征服了西部蒙古其他各部:土尔扈特、和硕特和杜尔伯特,并且组织起了一个强大的军事联盟。整个18世纪,特别是在噶尔丹的领导下,这些部落从外蒙古向西扩张,直到它们成为中亚的主要政权。1690年,善于骑射的准噶尔领袖和他们的骑兵部队侵入了外蒙古,相继威胁北京和西藏。准噶尔的军事胜利震动了中国宫廷,     

Full of Sound and Fury,Signifying Something: The Impact of Autonomic Arousal on EGM Gambling

An experiment was conducted to observe the influence of autonomic arousal on subsequent gambling behavior. Thirty-seven male and 32 female regular Electronic Gaming Machine (EGM) players were recruited through newspaper advertisements. Participants were randomly assigned to either: (1) a control condition, or (2) an experimental condition that introduced a loud white-noise event (80 db) at fixed 120 s intervals throughout the 5-min EGM gambling session. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) measurements showed that the manipulation was successful in elevating autonomic arousal. The results showed differences in behavioral response to the manipulation based on prior experience with gambling problems. Persons with many gambling problems had lower average bet-sizes in the white-noise condition compared to the control, while those with few or no problems had higher average bet-sizes. The results suggest that arousal may provide different signals to gamblers with few versus many problems. Gamblers with many problems may interpret their arousal as a sign that they will soon lose money, while gamblers with few or no problems may associate feelings of arousal exclusively with winning.     

An Experiment on the Social Facilitation of Gambling Behavior

Research and theory regarding the social facilitation effect generates the expectation that the presence of other gamblers (or co-actors) in a gaming venue is likely to intensify individual gambling behavior and magnify losses. Fifty male and 66 female participants (116 total) played a computer-simulated electronic gaming machine with a fixed winning sequence, followed by an indefinite losing sequence. Measures of the intensity of gambling behavior included the final payout (a direct measure of losses), average bet-size, number of trials played, and the speed of play. Some participants received false feedback from the computer designed to suggest that other gamers in adjacent rooms were playing and sometimes winning at the same game. Persons who received both sight and sound information, including winning bells and instant messages regarding the wins of other (fake) players, placed more bets and lost more money compared to the other conditions with less information.