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991.
Francesco C. Billari Johannes Fürnkranz Alexia Prskawetz 《Revue europeenne de demographie》2006,22(1):37-65
In this paper we discuss and apply machine learning techniques, using ideas from a core research area in the artificial intelligence
literature to analyse simultaneously timing, sequencing, and quantum of life course events from a comparative perspective.
We outline the need for techniques which allow the adoption of a holistic approach to life course analysis, illustrating the
specific case of the transition to adulthood. We briefly introduce machine learning algorithms to build decision trees and
rule sets and then apply such algorithms to delineate the key features which distinguish Austrian and Italian pathways to
adulthood, using Fertility and Family Survey data. The key role of sequencing and synchronization between events emerges clearly
from the analysis.
Billari F.C., Fürnkranz J., et Prskawetz A., 2006. Calendrier, séquence et intensitédes événements du cycle de vie : une application
des techniques d’apprentissage par machine. Revue Européenne de Démographie, 22: 37–65 相似文献
992.
András Ittzés Roger Csáky-Pallavicini Tünde Szabó Gábor Török Andrea Mesterházy Teodóra Tomcsányi 《?sterreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie》2004,29(1):75-92
We asked daytime university and college students to complete the survey, which aimed at examining the authoritarian attitude of those questioned, and the factors in connection to it. The questionnaire was made up of 23 statements, and those questioned had to express how far they agree on a five grade scale (N = 349). On the basis of the answers it could be stated that the different groups of those planning to work in different fields differ from each other also from the point of view of accepting authority: from those groups which were examined in greater numbers the physical education teachers and the theologians were the most authoritarian, while the social workers and students of human studies were the least. Those answering differed also in terms of religiousness: those considering themselves religious and close to the church seemed to be the most authoritarian and those who are not religious the least. The results were interestingly coloured by the fact that in assessing specific social situations the social workers and the convinced non-religious ones showed signs of more authoritarian attitude. Results also proved that the own opinion about authoritarianism is related to the opinion of the parents. Beside many other questions we also examined whether authoritarianism is related to the situation when someone is stricter to him/herself and to those emotionally closer than to others. 相似文献
993.
994.
Often the consent of worker representations, such as works councils, is required before firms are allowed to install technologies that monitor workers' behavior. Absent monitoring, workers produce low output, while at the same time receiving an information rent. To gain the works council's consent to the installation of a monitoring technology, firms need to compensate workers for the lost information rent. Hence, by making it more costly to produce high output, works councils can serve firms as an instrument to commit to low output levels. This provides a rationale for why works council rights are not opposed more strongly by employers. (JEL D43, D86, J83, L13) 相似文献
995.
996.
Alexander Hogenboom Wolfgang Ketter Jan van Dalen Uzay Kaymak John Collins Alok Gupta 《决策科学》2015,46(4):791-818
In today's complex and dynamic supply chain markets, information systems are essential for effective supply chain management. Complex decision making processes on strategic, tactical, and operational levels require substantial timely support in order to contribute to organizations' agility. Consequently, there is a need for sophisticated dynamic product pricing mechanisms that can adapt quickly to changing market conditions and competitors' strategies. We propose a two‐layered machine learning approach to compute tactical pricing decisions in real time. The first layer estimates prevailing economic conditions—economic regimes—identifying and predicting current and future market conditions. In the second layer, we train a neural network for each regime to estimate price distributions in real time using available information. The neural networks compute offer acceptance probabilities from a tactical perspective to meet desired sales quotas. We validate our approach in the trading agent competition for supply chain management. When competing against the world's leading agents, the performance of our system significantly improves compared to using only economic regimes to predict prices. Profits increase significantly even though the prices and sales volume do not change significantly. Instead, tactical pricing results in a more efficient sales strategy by reducing both finished goods and components inventory costs. 相似文献
997.
Nadja Klein Andrew Entwistle Albert Rosenberger Thomas Kneib Heike Bickebller 《Journal of applied statistics》2020,47(11):2066
In this paper, we propose the class of generalized additive models for location, scale and shape in a test for the association of genetic markers with non-normally distributed phenotypes comprising a spike at zero. The resulting statistical test is a generalization of the quantitative transmission disequilibrium test with mating type indicator, which was originally designed for normally distributed quantitative traits and parent-offspring data. As a motivational example, we consider coronary artery calcification (CAC), which can accurately be identified by electron beam tomography. In the investigated regions, individuals will have a continuous measure of the extent of calcium found or they will be calcium-free. Hence, the resulting distribution is a mixed discrete-continuous distribution with spike at zero. We carry out parent-offspring simulations motivated by such CAC measurement values in a screening population to study statistical properties of the proposed test for genetic association. Furthermore, we apply the approach to data of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 that are based on real genotype and family data of the Framingham Heart Study, and test the association of selected genetic markers with simulated coronary artery calcification. 相似文献
998.
999.
1000.
Dr. Carmen Von Bachmann Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schultze 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2007,77(5):479-510
Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag integriert die Auswirkungen der Regelungen zur Besteuerung von Einkünften aus ausl?ndischen Kapitalgesellschaften
in die Discounted Cashflow-Methodik. Bewertungsobjekt ist eine ausl?ndische Kapitalgesellschaft, der von einem inl?ndischen
Anteilseigner oder von fremden Dritten Finanzmittel zugeführt werden. Da das Steuerrecht nicht entscheidungsneutral ist, sind
die beiden Finanzierungsalternativen Eigen-oder Fremdfinanzierung nicht als gleichwertig zu beurteilen. Unterschiedliche steuerliche
Effekte ergeben sich daraus, dass Zinsen bei der Tochterkapitalgesellschaft grunds?tzlich als Betriebsausgaben abzugsf?hig
sind, wohingegen Dividenden aus dem bereits versteuerten Einkommen gezahlt werden (sog. Tax Shield). Im grenzüberschreitenden
Fall wird mit der Entscheidung für eine Finanzierungsalternative gleichzeitig bestimmt, in welchem Umfang die mit der Finanzierung
einhergehenden Kapitalertr?ge der deutschen oder der ausl?ndischen Besteuerung unterworfen werden. Die H?he des Tax Shield
h?ngt damit nicht nur von den Abzugsm?glichkeiten der Fremdkapitalzinsen ab, sondern auch vom Steuerniveau im Ausland. Damit
müssen in der Unternehmensbewertung die in- und ausl?ndischen Steuervorschriften, die Steuers?tze im In- und Ausland, sowie
eventuell bestehende Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen berücksichtigt werden.
Effects of the tax regulations on the taxation of income from foreign corporations
Summary The present article integrates the effects of the tax regulations on the taxation of income from foreign corporations in the discounted cash flow method. The item to be assessed is foreign corporation that is allocated funds (equity capital or borrowed capital) by a domestic shareholder or an unaffiliated third party. In this cross-border case, the decision in favor of one financing alternative or the other will at the same time determine the extent to which the capital yields associated with the financing are liable to taxation in Germany or abroad. The amount of the tax shield therefore not only depends on the deductibility of interest payments on debt, it also depends on the rate of tax abroad. When assessing the company it will therefore be necessary to bear in mind both domestic and overseas tax regulations, domestic and overseas tax rates as well as any existing double taxation agreements.
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