The Reform and Development of the Decision-making System in Contemporary China

中国的决策体制是中国政治体制的中枢系统, 也是决定中国发展的关键因素。以 中国共产党为领导核心的决策体制是在中国共产党领导革命、创建新中国的长期历史 中形成的, 具有其历史合理性。决策体制从建立到改革开放前呈现集中化的趋势。决 策权力日趋集中的体制, 存在着决策结构专业化分工程度不高、制度化程度低、偏重 经验决策、决策过程封闭和缺乏自我修正与调节机制等弊端。改革开放后, 决策体制 改革的重点, 是在决策结构、决策方式和决策机制三个主要方面推进决策的民主化、 科学化和法治化建设。决策体制改革的实践证明, 以决策民主化、科学化和法治化为 导向的决策体制改革, 成功应对了中国由经济和社会迅速变迁所带来的各种挑战。从 政治发展的角度看, 决策体制改革呈现出的基本趋势是: 从个人决策向民主决策、从 经验决策向科学决策、从决策组织高度集中向决策组织结构分化、从封闭式决策向开 放式决策、从被动参与决策向自主参与决策、从决策非制度化向决策制度化转变。一 个中国共产党主导、多方参与、科学论证、过程开放、依法运行的决策模式在决策体 制改革的实践中初步形成。

关键词: 决策体制 集中决策 民主决策 科学决策 依法决策

The decision-making system is the backbone of China’s political system and a crucial factor determining its development. The decision-making system with the CPC lying at the core results from the CPC’s long history of leading China’s revolution and establishing the People’s Republic of China; therefore it has historical rationality. Decision-making was centralized over the period from the foundation of the PRC to reform and opening up. This centralized decision-making system had faults such as a low level of specialized division of labor, low institutionalization, an undue emphasis on experience, a closed decision-making process and the absence of any self-correcting and adjustment mechanisms. The reform of China’s decision-making system in the post-reform period has attached much importance to promoting democratic, scientific and law-based decision-making with regard to decision- making structures, modes and mechanisms. Practice proves that this reform has successfully met the challenges arising from rapid social and economic transition. Viewed from the perspective of political development, it involves an evolution from personal to democratic, from experience-based to scientific, from centralized to decentralized, from closed to open, from passive to active participation and from non-institutionalized to institutionalized decision-making. A decision-making model has gradually taken shape that is characterized by CPC domination, participation by multiple entities, scientific proof, open process, and law-based operation.     

百年张说研究回顾与展望

本文依据20世纪以来对张说研究的文献,从文学史意义、生平与仕历交游、思想、诗歌、文章与传奇等几个方面对张说的百年研究历程进行全面的梳理。     

基于国外经验的农商行公司治理内外部机制完善

当前,全国农村信用合作社大多已经改制为农村商业银行,改制后其如何服务经济发展仍需持续探索.现实问题在于,乡村振兴战略下的涉农金融供给疲软,"三农"金融需求未得到充分满足.合作金融改革的原因众多,但长期主体地位及法律地位不明确、权利义务责任不对等是主要原因.改制后的农村商业银行应聚焦主业、回归本源,通过完善董事会和监事会制度、加快出台农村商业银行法、健全支农配套体系、差别化监管、落实股东大会法定职权、完善对董事、监事、高级管理人员的任用及议事规定、制定董事、监事、高级管理人员激励约束机制等方式加强公司治理,尤其注重发挥法律的引领及固化作用,努力实现农村商业银行商业盈利性及支农政策性的共生与共赢.     

中国城市经济效率测度研究

文章选取固定资产投资总额、劳动力作为投入变量,地区生产总值、地方财政预算内收入、职工工资总额作为产出变量,运用DEA分析法对中国城市经济效率进行了研究。研究发现,城市的纯技术效率、规模效率与城市所处的地理位置无关。城市规模效率与城市人口呈正相关关系,增加城市规模能够提高城市效率。中国近年来技术进步和技术效率呈轻微下降趋势,城市规模效率呈低速增长。技术进步和全要素生产率较高的城市以东部地区城市为主。在城市经济发展过程中应注意优化资源配置,加快技术进步。     

优化知情选择服务提升知情选择效益

中国自20世纪90年代中期开展避孕方法知情选择以来,知情选择面迅速扩大,计划生育面貌为之一新.但实际考察表明,各地开展知情选择的收效有很大差异,究其原因,主要是当知情选择普及到一定程度后,能否把握好知情选择服务质量成为提高效益的关键.浙江省从2001年起下大力量抓知情选择服务质量,收到明显效益,体现了计划生育以人为本、来自于民和服务于民的宗旨.他们提高知情选择效益的一套做法,有一定参考价值.     

Transition of the population reproduction pattern in China]

In the past 30 years, great changes have taken place in the reproduction pattern of the population in China. A historical pattern of a high birth rate and high death rate no longer exists. A new low birth rate and low death rate pattern has now become a reality. It is especially notable that China has realized this transition under the condition of a backward economy. Since 1949, the death rate has dropped rapidly because of advancements in medical care, a rise in the standard of living, and an improvement in public health. The change in fertility, however, is determined by the developing level of social productivity. As mankind has moved forward, population reproduction has gradually become a self-conscious activity. Fertility is increasingly determined by views on marriage and concepts of birth. China has successfully achieved a transition in fertility, and this has to be credited to China's progressive relations in social production and an excellent social system. In addition, practical efforts made by the political leadership, cooperation from the people, and popularization of ideological education on family planning have all contributed to a transition in China's fertility rate.     

少数民族传统文化艺术与区域旅游发展关系思考——以酉阳土家族苗族自治县为例

少数民族传统文化艺术在区域旅游中是推动区域经济发展、区域致富的有力因素,在作为旅游资源来促进地区发展的同时,民族传统文化艺术也会发生转变,诸如文化转型、商品化等现象。在这种双重境地中,必须有一个双赢的措施,保证民族传统文化艺术得到“原生态”保护,并以此促进区域旅游的可持续发展。     

财贸高职内涵式发展的目标与维度

在中国经济发展方式发生变革的时代,财贸高职也需要转变发展方式,财贸高职只有走内涵式发展道路才能实现品牌高职的理性目标。本文以内涵式发展的目标为出发点,建构了质量、特色、效益三个维度的财贸高职内涵式发展框架。     

信任、承诺、关系行为与关系绩效:买方的视角

本研究通过抽样调查验证了买方对于卖方的信任和承诺对于买方行为的影响及其对买方的绩效含义。研究结果显示,买方对卖方的信任和承诺会影响买方在双方商业关系中的行为,这些行为对于买方的绩效具有积极意义。然而,信任和承诺对关系行为的影响存在不同。与假设相反,买方对卖方的信任提高了买方正式控制机制的使用,而买方对卖方的承诺则降低了买方的默许行为,这些效应有助于买方绩效。     

浅谈现代性背景下的农村城市化

我们对农村城市化实践的反思在理论上有着深刻的思想渊源,结合到世界范围内的城市化理论与历史来梳理这种理论渊源,最简洁的方式莫过于从现代化与现代性这两个重要的学术概念入手。对于现代化与现代性的研究以及两者之间关系的讨论,已经成为哲学、政治学、社会学等诸多学科的热门课题。就现实社会生活而言,现代化与现代性其实渗透在日常生活的方方面面,人们对它们只不过是“日用而不知”。