被迫好评情景下消费者后续行为意愿研究

在社交网络不断兴起的环境下,越来越多的企业试图以物质奖励促使消费者进行好评以实现口碑营销,物质奖励涉及赠品、现金、价格折扣等各种形式。企业激励口碑的活动是指一家企业对“消费者对消费者”沟通的主动管理,被广泛地应用于各类面向消费者的企业,而好评返利的口碑激励模式难免被框定于回避框架下,即消费者为了避免损失而不得不在线发布正面口碑,已有关于被动口碑传播的研究主要从积极方面探讨如何利用物质奖励促进口碑传播。 在已有研究的基础上补充物质奖励对消费者口碑影响的消极方面,以心理抗拒理论和认知一致性理论为基础,以被动口碑传播为研究视角,探讨消费者在被迫实施好评之后的后续行为意愿及其影响机制。在两个行为学实验中,分别选取在职学生和普通消费者为研究样本,通过SPSS软件进行方差分析、回归分析和Bootstrap中介效应分析。 研究结果表明,①在被迫好评的情景下,抗拒体验消极影响消费者的后续行为意愿,如降低未来的口碑推荐意愿、增加删去被迫评论意愿;②产品的实际体验与口碑内容的一致性感知积极影响后续行为意愿,这一过程受到抗拒体验的中介作用;③与抗拒特质较弱的消费者相比,抗拒特质较强的消费者更倾向于产生消极的后续行为意愿;④消费者的抗拒特质调节实际体验与口碑内容的一致性感知对后续行为意愿的影响,抗拒特质较强时一致性感知对后续行为意愿的影响较低。 研究结果为企业实施激励式口碑营销提供了理论指导,丰富和发展了口碑营销和心理抗拒理论。研究结论启示企业在使用好评返利的营销策略时,应当尽可能框定于“好评则得到”而非“不好评则损失”的框架下。如果产品或服务非常依赖于消费者的重复购买行为,那么被迫好评会消极影响消费者的整体满意度并抑制后续的购买行为。商家必须认识到被迫好评的消极影响,虽然产品或服务的积极体验可以有效抑制消费者产生消极的行为反应,但是却不会对所有消费者有效,比如那些抗拒特质较强的消费者。     

The New Spatial Planning Act in Taiwan: A Messy Shift from Economic Development-Oriented Planning to Environmental Conservation-Oriented Planning?

On 18 December 2015, the spatial planning bill was finally passed by the Legislative Yuan in Taiwan. That was a special moment for planning community and authority since they had anticipated this moment for more than two decades. However, this is not the end of the story. On the contrary, the battle between the economic development promoters and environmental conservation supporters just starts. The Act introduces several new changes to secure its goal of nationwide sustainable development, but the introduction also raises some tensions. This article reviews the tensions and their socio-political context, and gives some suggestions to the Taiwanese government.     

Do Interactions Between Environmental Chemicals and the Human Microbiome Need to Be Considered in Risk Assessments?

One of the most dynamic and fruitful areas of current health‐related research concerns the various roles of the human microbiome in disease. Evidence is accumulating that interactions between substances in the environment and the microbiome can affect risks of disease, in both beneficial and adverse ways. Although most of the research has concerned the roles of diet and certain pharmaceutical agents, there is increasing interest in the possible roles of environmental chemicals. Chemical risk assessment has, to date, not included consideration of the influence of the microbiome. We suggest that failure to consider the possible roles of the microbiome could lead to significant error in risk assessment results. Our purpose in this commentary is to summarize some of the evidence supporting our hypothesis and to urge the risk assessment community to begin considering and influencing how results from microbiome‐related research could be incorporated into chemical risk assessments. An additional emphasis in our commentary concerns the distinct possibility that research on chemical–microbiome interactions will also reduce some of the significant uncertainties that accompany current risk assessments. Of particular interest is evidence suggesting that the microbiome has an influence on variability in disease risk across populations and (of particular interest to chemical risk) in animal and human responses to chemical exposure. The possible explanatory power of the microbiome regarding sources of variability could reduce what might be the most significant source of uncertainty in chemical risk assessment.     

Impact of Water Level Rise on Urban Infrastructures: Washington,DC, and Shanghai as Case Studies

The observed global sea level rise owing to climate change, coupled with the potential increase in extreme storms, requires a reexamination of existing infrastructural planning, construction, and management practices. Storm surge shows the effects of rising sea levels. The recent super storms that hit the United States (e.g., Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Sandy in 2012, Harvey and Maria in 2017) and China (e.g., Typhoon Haiyan in 2010) inflicted serious loss of life and property. Water level rise (WLR) of local coastal areas is a combination of sea level rise, storm surge, precipitation, and local land subsidence. Quantitative assessments of the impact of WLR include scenario identification, consequence assessment, vulnerability and flooding assessment, and risk management using inventory of assets from coastal areas, particularly population centers, to manage flooding risk and to enhance infrastructure resilience of coastal cities. This article discusses the impact of WLR on urban infrastructures with case studies of Washington, DC, and Shanghai. Based on the flooding risk analysis under possible scenarios, the property loss for Washington, DC, was evaluated, and the impact on the metro system of Shanghai was examined.     

Benevolence-dominant,authoritarianism-dominant,and classical paternalistic leadership: Testing their relationships with subordinate performance

We propose a new typology of paternalistic leadership styles based on how leaders demonstrate authoritarianism and benevolence, the two essential components of this type of leadership. Benevolence-dominant paternalistic leadership refers to leaders' sole dependence on the use of benevolence without their strong assertion of authority, whereas authoritarianism-dominant paternalistic leadership is based mainly on authoritarianism itself; classical paternalistic leadership, which best fits early observations of paternalistic leaders, refers to the salient combination of both leadership components. We used two distinct samples and methods to test this typology and the association with subordinate performance. Across the two studies, a field investigation with Taiwanese military supervisor-subordinate dyads and a hypothetical scenario experiment with U.S. working adults, we found a positive relationship between classical paternalistic leadership and subordinate performance as strong as that between benevolence-dominant paternalistic leadership and performance. Our findings echo the phenomenon that paternalistic leaders tend to combine benevolence with authoritarianism to affect subordinate performance.     

Online MapReduce processing on two identical parallel machines

In this work we investigate the online over-list MapReduce processing problem on two identical parallel machines, aiming at minimizing the makespan. Jobs are revealed one by one, and each job consists of one map task and one reduce task. The map task can be arbitrarily split and processed on both machines simultaneously, while the reduce task has to be processed on a single machine and it cannot be started unless the map task has been completed. We first show that the general case of the problem reduces to the classical two machine online scheduling model with an optimal competitive ratio of 3/2. For a special case where the map task is at least as long as the reduce task, we prove that no online algorithm can be less than 4/3-competitive. An optimal Greedy algorithm with a matching competitive ratio is proposed as well.     

Relation between the skew-rank of an oriented graph and the independence number of its underlying graph

An oriented graph \(G^\sigma \) is a digraph without loops or multiple arcs whose underlying graph is G. Let \(S\left( G^\sigma \right) \) be the skew-adjacency matrix of \(G^\sigma \) and \(\alpha (G)\) be the independence number of G. The rank of \(S(G^\sigma )\) is called the skew-rank of \(G^\sigma \), denoted by \(sr(G^\sigma )\). Wong et al. (Eur J Comb 54:76–86, 2016) studied the relationship between the skew-rank of an oriented graph and the rank of its underlying graph. In this paper, the correlation involving the skew-rank, the independence number, and some other parameters are considered. First we show that \(sr(G^\sigma )+2\alpha (G)\geqslant 2|V_G|-2d(G)\), where \(|V_G|\) is the order of G and d(G) is the dimension of cycle space of G. We also obtain sharp lower bounds for \(sr(G^\sigma )+\alpha (G),\, sr(G^\sigma )-\alpha (G)\), \(sr(G^\sigma )/\alpha (G)\) and characterize all corresponding extremal graphs.     

A simpler PTAS for connected <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>-path vertex cover in homogeneous wireless sensor network

Because of its application in the field of security in wireless sensor networks, k-path vertex cover (\(\hbox {VCP}_k\)) has received a lot of attention in recent years. Given a graph \(G=(V,E)\), a vertex set \(C\subseteq V\) is a k-path vertex cover (\(\hbox {VCP}_k\)) of G if every path on k vertices has at least one vertex in C, and C is a connected k-path vertex cover of G (\(\hbox {CVCP}_k\)) if furthermore the subgraph of G induced by C is connected. A homogeneous wireless sensor network can be modeled as a unit disk graph. This paper presents a new PTAS for \(\hbox {MinCVCP}_k\) on unit disk graphs. Compared with previous PTAS given by Liu et al., our method not only simplifies the algorithm and reduces the time-complexity, but also simplifies the analysis by a large amount.     

面向我国国立研究机构的人力资源配置模型研究

当今世界,科学技术作为第一生产力的作用日益突出,科学技术作为人类文明进步的基石和原动力的作用日益凸显,而国立研究机构作为中国科研体系的国家队和中坚力量,它的地位和规模在整个科研体系中是举足轻重的,因此合理配置国立研究机构的人力资源具有重大的理论和现实意义。目前的人力资源配置研究多针对企业,而中国的国立研究机构有其自身的特点,不能套用企业的人力资源配置方法。中国科学院作为国家在科学技术方面的最高学术机构,作为科技事业的国家队和火车头,具有代表性,因此本文以中国科学院为例,利用问卷调查、专家访谈、文献调研等方法,对影响我国国立研究机构人力资源配置的因素进行研究,并将人力资源的配置看作一个决策问题,综合考虑了发展战略、人均经费当量、人员结构、学科建设等多个约束,采用自上而下和自下而上相结合的方法,建立了面向国立研究机构的人力资源配置模型。该模型克服了以往国立研究机构对子机构人员数量通过简单趋势外推等方法进行预测的做法,集成了历史数据和专家经验,既不脱离历史情况又能够反映机构的发展战略,是一种适合国立研究机构的人力资源配置方法。该方法在中国科学院的应用实践,验证了模型的有效性。     

管理者过度自信、税盾拐点与公司绩效

随着行为公司金融的兴起,管理者非理性尤其是过度自信的认知偏差与公司财务决策关系的研究成为一个新的研究热点.基于中国制度背景,以2002年至2007年沪深两市A股上市公司为观测值,考察管理者过度自信、债务政策与公司绩效之间的关系.采用Tobit和Lopstic回归模型,从管理者过度自信视角,利用税盾拐点考察公司的债务政策.实证检验结果发现,管理者过度自信显著影响公司的债务政策,公司税盾拐点随管理者过度自信程度的增强而降低,表明过度自信管理者将实施更为激进的债务融资策略.利用OLS回归模型检验过度自信管理者实施的债务政策与公司绩效之间的关系,发现公司绩效随债务税盾拐点的降低而下降,意味着如果过度自信管理者奉行的债务政策是激进的,将对公司绩效产生不利影响.