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11.
Paul?NormanEmail author Alan?Marshall Chris?Thompson Lee?Williamson Phil?Rees 《Journal of Population Research》2012,29(2):173-198
In much demographic analysis, it is important to know how occurrence-exposure rates or transition probabilities vary continuously
by age or by time. Often we have coarse or fluctuating data so there can be a need for estimation and smoothing. Since the
distributions of rates or counts across age or another variable are often curved, a nonlinear model is likely to be appropriate.
The main focus of this paper is on the estimation of detailed information from grouped data such as age and income bands;
however, the methods we outline could also be applied to other settings such as smoothing rates where the original data are
ragged. The ability to carry out curve fitting is a very useful skill for population geographers and demographers. Curve fitting
is not well covered in statistics textbooks, and whilst there is a large literature in journals thoroughly discussing the
detail of functions which define curves, these texts are likely to be inaccessible to researchers who are not specialists
in mathematics. We aim here to make nonlinear modelling as accessible as possible. We demonstrate how to carry out nonlinear
regression using SPSS, giving stepped-through hypothetical and research examples. We note other software in which nonlinear
regression can be carried out, and outline alternative methods of curve fitting. 相似文献
12.
In this study, we investigate the finite sample properties of the optimal generalized method of moments estimator (OGMME) for a spatial econometric model with a first-order spatial autoregressive process in the dependent variable and the disturbance term (for short SARAR(1, 1)). We show that the estimated asymptotic standard errors for spatial autoregressive parameters can be substantially smaller than their empirical counterparts. Hence, we extend the finite sample variance correction methodology of Windmeijer (2005) to the OGMME for the SARAR(1, 1) model. Results from simulation studies indicate that the correction method improves the variance estimates in small samples and leads to more accurate inference for the spatial autoregressive parameters. For the same model, we compare the finite sample properties of various test statistics for linear restrictions on autoregressive parameters. These tests include the standard asymptotic Wald test based on various GMMEs, a bootstrapped version of the Wald test, two versions of the C(α) test, the standard Lagrange multiplier (LM) test, the minimum chi-square test (MC), and two versions of the generalized method of moments (GMM) criterion test. Finally, we study the finite sample properties of effects estimators that show how changes in explanatory variables impact the dependent variable. 相似文献
13.
The present paper introduces a new indicator of educational inequality, the grade distribution ratio (GDR), focusing on levels
of grade repetition and drop out rates in primary and secondary education. The indicator is specifically suitable to evaluate
the distributive implications of expanding educational systems in developing countries. A comparative analysis of grade enrollment
distributions across 92 developing countries from 1960 to 2005 reveals that the decline in educational inequality has been
substantial and wide spread since 1960, but that progress has slowed down in the last two decades. Latin American countries
were characterized by very large initial levels of educational inequality, but contrary to other developing regions continued
to equalize their grade enrollment distribution in the last two decades.
相似文献
Ewout FrankemaEmail: |
14.
Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre PhD Christine Lord MSc Mélissa Labonté MSc Dt.p Abdelouahed Khalil PhD 《Journal of women & aging》2013,25(3-4):297-308
ABSTRACT It is known that obesity is inversely correlated with fracture risk. It remains unclear if a low muscle mass (sarcopenia) modulates the relationship between obesity and bone mass density. Twenty-seven obese women were matched for total fat mass (± 0.5 kg) and age (± 4 yrs) and divided in 3 equal groups: class II sarcopenic, class I sarcopenic, and nonsarcopenic. Body composition (DXA) and dietary intake were measured. Our results suggest that obesity may offer some protection against osteoporosis, even in sarcopenic postmenopausal women. However, further studies are needed to examine the actual implication of these results on a clinical standpoint. 相似文献
15.
A Central Limit Theorem in Non‐parametric Regression with Truncated,Censored and Dependent Data
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Han‐Ying Liang Jacobo de Uña‐álvarez María del carmen Iglesias‐pérez 《Scandinavian Journal of Statistics》2015,42(1):256-269
On the basis of the idea of the Nadaraya–Watson (NW) kernel smoother and the technique of the local linear (LL) smoother, we construct the NW and LL estimators of conditional mean functions and their derivatives for a left‐truncated and right‐censored model. The target function includes the regression function, the conditional moment and the conditional distribution function as special cases. It is assumed that the lifetime observations with covariates form a stationary α‐mixing sequence. Asymptotic normality of the estimators is established. Finite sample behaviour of the estimators is investigated via simulations. A real data illustration is included too. 相似文献
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17.
Kuba Krys C. -Melanie Vauclair Colin A. Capaldi Vivian Miu-Chi Lun Michael Harris Bond Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa Claudio Torres Ottmar V. Lipp L. Sam S. Manickam Cai Xing Radka Antalíková Vassilis Pavlopoulos Julien Teyssier Taekyun Hur Karolina Hansen Piotr Szarota Ramadan A. Ahmed Eleonora Burtceva Ana Chkhaidze Enila Cenko Patrick Denoux Márta Fülöp Arif Hassan David O. Igbokwe İdil Işık Gwatirera Javangwe María Malbran Fridanna Maricchiolo Hera Mikarsa Lynden K. Miles Martin Nader Joonha Park Muhammad Rizwan Radwa Salem Beate Schwarz Irfana Shah Chien-Ru Sun Wijnand van Tilburg Wolfgang Wagner Ryan Wise Angela Arriola Yu 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2016,40(2):101-116
Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions. 相似文献
18.
Ludmila Kašpárková Martin Vaculík Jakub Procházka Wilmar B. Schaufeli 《Journal of workplace behavioral health》2018,33(1):43-62
Previous studies have confirmed correlations between resilience and job performance, but surprisingly little is known about the nature of this relationship. This study sheds light on the roles of two important positive dimensions of work-related well-being: job satisfaction and work engagement. Data were collected from 360 Czech workers in helping professions using an online survey. Levels of resilience and perceived job performance were indeed positively associated. Using structural equation modeling, the best-fitting model showed partial mediation by work engagement; conversely, job satisfaction was not found to be a mediator of this relationship. Additionally, the finding that job performance is related more strongly to work engagement than to job satisfaction contributes to the debate about the concurrent validity of job attitudes. 相似文献
19.
Particle MCMC involves using a particle filter within an MCMC algorithm. For inference of a model which involves an unobserved stochastic process, the standard implementation uses the particle filter to propose new values for the stochastic process, and MCMC moves to propose new values for the parameters. We show how particle MCMC can be generalised beyond this. Our key idea is to introduce new latent variables. We then use the MCMC moves to update the latent variables, and the particle filter to propose new values for the parameters and stochastic process given the latent variables. A generic way of defining these latent variables is to model them as pseudo-observations of the parameters or of the stochastic process. By choosing the amount of information these latent variables have about the parameters and the stochastic process we can often improve the mixing of the particle MCMC algorithm by trading off the Monte Carlo error of the particle filter and the mixing of the MCMC moves. We show that using pseudo-observations within particle MCMC can improve its efficiency in certain scenarios: dealing with initialisation problems of the particle filter; speeding up the mixing of particle Gibbs when there is strong dependence between the parameters and the stochastic process; and enabling further MCMC steps to be used within the particle filter. 相似文献
20.
Sema Basat Damla Ortaboz Ecem Sevim Çalık Eyüp Veli Küçük Berkan Şimşek 《The aging male》2018,21(2):111-115
Recent studies have suggested that a relationship could exist between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency and erectile dysfunction (ED). The present study evaluated the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and ED in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The study included 98 patients with type 2?DM aged between 18–80 years. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) Questionnaire was administered. The patients were divided into three groups according to IIEF-5 scoring: IIEF-5 score between 5–10, severe ED; IIEF-5 score between 11–20, moderate ED; IIEF-5 score between 21–25, no ED. Biochemical parameters, 25(OH)D and hormonal analysis tests were obtained in all patients. All parameters were compared between these three groups. Of 98 patients included in the study, 32 had severe ED, 45 had moderate ED and 21 had no ED. The mean age was 55.12?±?9.39 years and the mean 25(OH)D level was 13.69?±?8.15?ng/ml. When the three groups were compared, 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in patients with the IIEF-5 score between 5–10 (p?=?0.020). There was a moderate positive relationship between IIEF-5 score and 25(OH)D level (r?=?0.21, p?=?0.038). The patients with severe ED have considerably lower 25(OH)D levels. 相似文献