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Conditional audit rules are designed to achieve regulatory compliance with fewer inspections than required by random auditing. A regulator places individuals into audit pools that differ in probability of audit or severity of fine and specifies transition rules between pools. Future pool assignment is conditional on current audit results. We conduct an experiment to compare two specific schemes—Harrington's Past-Compliance Targeting and Friesen's Optimal Targeting—against random auditing. We find a production possibility frontier between compliance and minimizing inspections. Optimal targeting generates the lowest inspection rates as predicted, but random auditing the highest compliance. Past-compliance targeting is intermediate.  相似文献   
13.
In the June 2007 issue of Significance , John Adams argued for the repeal of seat belt laws. They have never been demonstrated to save lives, he said; and they increase the number of pedestrians and cyclists killed on the roads. Richard Allsop, Oliver Carsten, Andrew Evans and Robert Gifford argue that Parliament should keep the seat belt laws on the statute book and that we should all keep wearing belts whenever we travel in a car, van or coach—and they contest John's statistics.  相似文献   
14.
SOCIAL ATOMISM, HOLISM, AND TRUST   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
The metatheoretical difference between social atomism and social holism is clarified by analysis of the generic necessity of trust. A theoretical approach to trust can be traced from Durkheim, Simmel, Parsons, and the recent work of Luhmann and Barber. Trust functions as a deep assumption underwriting social order and is not reducible to individual characteristics. Changes in trust alter social relationships. The study of power, exchange, family, and politics illustrates how trust constitutes social reality as emergent and holistic. This helps us understand the formation of interpersonal relationships, the difference between economic and social exchange, and the discrepancy between attitudes toward society and toward particular institutional actors.  相似文献   
15.
Strategic partnerships have a key role to play in delivering the government's ‘Every Child Matters’ agenda. There is a developing body of research and other evidence and practice‐informed literature about what works in relation to partnership working. Drawing on a research review commissioned by Barnardos on strategic partnership working for children, this study summarises research findings from a number of sectors relating to the development, delivery and review of effective partnerships. Although there is widespread consensus within the research on the factors contributing to effective partnership processes, there is, currently, relatively little evidence that partnerships lead to positive outcomes for children and young people. © 2006 The Author(s). Journal compilation © National Children's Bureau.  相似文献   
16.
A common problem in medical statistics is the discrimination between two groups on the basis of diagnostic information. Information on patient characteristics is used to classify individuals into one of two groups: diseased or disease-free. This classification is often with respect to a particular disease. This discrimination has two probabilistic components: (1) the discrimination is not without error, and (2) in many cases the a priori chance of disease can be estimated. Logistic models (Cox 1970; Anderson 1972) provide methods for incorporating both of these components. The a posteriori probability of disease may be estimated for a patient on the basis of both current measurement of patient characteristics and prior information. The parameters of the logistic model may be estimated on the basis of a calibration trial. In practice, not one but several sets of measurements of one characteristic of the patient may be made on a questionable case. These measurements typically are correlated; they are far from independent. How should these correlated measurements be used? This paper presents a method for incorporating several sets of measurements in the classification of a case.  相似文献   
17.
Regression models are often used to make predictions. All the information needed is contained in the predictive distribution. However, this cannot be evaluated explicitly for most generalized linear models. We construct two approximations to this distribution and demonstrate their use on two sets of survival data, corresponding to the outcome of patients admitted to intensive care units and the survival times of leukaemia patients.Regression models are often used to make predictions. All the information needed is contained in the predictive distribution. However, this cannot be evaluated explicitly for most generalized linear models. We construct two approximations to this distribution and demonstrate their use on two sets of survival data, corresponding to the outcome of patients admitted to intensive care units and the survival times of leukaemia patients.Regression models are often used to make predictions. All the information needed is contained in the predictive distribution. However, this cannot be evaluated explicitly for most generalized linear models. We construct two approximations to this distribution and demonstrate their use on two sets of survival data, corresponding to the outcome of patients admitted to intensive care units and the survival times of leukaemia patients.Regression models are often used to make predictions. All the information needed is contained in the predictive distribution. However, this cannot be evaluated explicitly for most generalized linear models. We construct two approximations to this distribution and demonstrate their use on two sets of survival data, corresponding to the outcome of patients admitted to intensive care units and the survival times of leukaemia patients.  相似文献   
18.

Emerging from the historical conditions of colonialism, educated elites from middle strata groups were able to mount successful challenges to colonial power almost everywhere. This was accomplished in the West Indies through the shaping and fashioning of an ideology of Afro-creole nationalism. The latter catapulted the political leadership of these groups into positions of control in post-colonial institutions of government1. Once achieved, such control was employed to satisfy the accumulative power, prestige, and status interests of their middle strata supporters. Afro-creole nationalism served also to legitimise the continued dominance of international economic capital while making available to this ascendant elite international resources of power. In this manner, the penetration of international economic capital was intensified in the post-colonial state. Such penetration was both direct and orchestrated through diplomatic representatives of governments and representatives of bilateral and multilateral agencies directly linked to international capitalist interests. I will focus on the appropriation of symbolic capital in the form of Afro-creole nationalism by elite representatives of these ascendant middle strata groups in the English-speaking West Indies. I will demonstrate how such capital was employed to fashion constructs of identity and legitimacy. Finally, I will focus on the role these constructs played in the reproduction of a Manichean order of domination in West Indian post-colonial formations.  相似文献   
19.
很多研究采用分子信标技术来作为活体细胞中RNA表达研究的成像手段。然而,越来越多的证据表明,由于该技术易产生假阳性信号使得RNA的检测灵敏度显著降低。本文就如何克服这些缺陷,实现活体细胞中RNA的高灵敏检测来构建分子信标进行了阐述。  相似文献   
20.
Organizational safety culture reflects the attitudes and behaviors that individuals share in considering and reacting to hazards and risks. We first argue that trust is an underdeveloped and important concept in relation to theories of safety culture and high-reliability organizations. The article then reports findings from a two-year qualitative study of train operating companies (TOCs) in the United Kingdom, which sought to explore in detail the linkages between safety culture and the postprivatized railway industry. In-depth interviews and focus groups were carried out with a sample of over 500 employees, from four organizations, and representing all key functional levels. Our analysis suggests that the 1993 privatization, and subsequent organizational restructuring of the U.K. railway industry, has had important repercussions for both safety culture and trust relationships. We explore our findings in relation to three key constructs within "safe organizations" theories (namely, flexibility, commitment, and learning), and discuss how the safe organization model might be usefully supplemented by a consideration of trust issues.  相似文献   
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