四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.     

关于会议产业化的思考

一、会议的产业化发展趋势 会议的产业化是市场经济发展到一定阶段的产物.企事业单位的经营管理需要构成了会议产业化的现实需求,市场主体的有效操作使这种需求形成产业化发展.     

日本的渔业权制度及对我国的启示

阐述了日本渔业权制度的沿革、概念、种类、性质、权利行使限制、存续期间、取得许可程序、撤销消灭、保护、特征等问题.在对照日本的渔业权制度,指出我国有关制度存在缺陷的基础上,建议在建立和完善我国渔业权制度时,应明确界定、使用渔业权的概念、种类,明确渔业权的准物权性质,明确其具体内容、限制、许可的优先顺序等.     

高校科研经费投入与产出的研究分析

近几年高校承担的科研项目及获得的科研经费大幅增加,体现了高校在国家科研创新体系中的重要战略地位.高校科研经费主要来自于政府部门的拨款,经费的支出分为内部支出和转拨给外单位;科研产出分为论文专著、专利成果以及成果获奖三类.高校科研经费的投入对论文专著和成果获奖有着一定程度的影响,但是对专利出售收入的影响并不是很大.因此,建议通过加大科研经费的总体投入、建立项目的信息共享平台、监督科研项目固定资产购置支出、建立科研投入产出的绩效评估和监督体系来完善高校科研经费的投入与产出.     

休闲教育的伦理限度

休闲教育不应只强调休闲而忽视工作。休闲教育有一个从“谋生休闲”到“乐生休闲”的过程。物质生产是休闲教育的前提。以历史的维度来看,从工作伦理到休闲伦理的变迁反映了人类价值观的不断更新。但是“谋生休闲”仍然是我国在社会主义初级阶段的休闲教育目标,休闲教育更不可忽视工作伦理的价值。     

试论现代化进程中乡村治理的路径选择

相对于先进的城市 ,我国乡村大大滞后于中国的现代化进程。现代化内含政治民主化、经济市场化、观念现代化和乡村城市化。循此思路 ,我国的乡村治理在路径选择上应将农民在实践中创造的村民自治作为其民主形式 ,充当政府和农民特别是农民和市场中介的农民协会作为其组织基础 ,具有全新观念的现代农民作为其主体条件 ,将现代城市文明向乡村扩散的小城镇作为其区位环境     

构建幸福课堂提高教学效能

“以学生为中心,以幸福快乐为根本”这是我们学校“262效能课堂”的出发点和落脚点。乌申斯基说:“教育的主要目的在于使学生获得幸福,不能为任何不相干的利益而牺牲这种幸福。”因此,在职高语文课堂教学中,教师要充分展示语文课堂教学的魅力,让学生充分享受语文、享受快乐、让语文的知识魅力吸引学生、人文魅力倾倒学生,智慧魅力熏陶学生,使职高语文课堂真正成为学生求知的幸福乐园,让学生真正成为学习的主人。如何在职高语文课堂中,构建“262效能课堂”,提高课堂教学的有效性呢？我认为应从以下四个方面做起。     

产业转移视角下国际污染转移对我国的影响分析

随着我国对外开放水平的不断深入,大量外资涌入我国,外资引入给我国带来承接发达国家产业转移的机遇,在促进经济发展的同时,也将染转移至我国,其负面效应逐渐显现。文章首先分析了国际污染转移转入我国的现状,进而研究显性污染转移及隐性污染转移的不同路径,并从产业转移的视角重点剖析国际污染转移对我国的客观影响,最后提出我国应对跨国污染转移应采取的相关对策。     

论马克思哲学的再生产实践概念

针对20世纪西方一些社会思潮对马克思哲学的生产概念庸俗化的狭隘理解,本文指出,澄清这一问题是坚持马克思主义哲学当代性意义的先决条件。文章在认真解读马克思经典著作的基础上,得出如下基本结论:马克思从未把生产实践归结为人类永恒的劳作活动,也没有把生产实践等同于人对自然的控制与征服,而是突出强调了生产实践的社会关系性内涵及其不断变迁的再生产性历史性特征。马克思哲学视野中的生产实践概念,归根到底是以社会关系的生产与再生产为核心的历史唯物主义或历史辩证法。     

黄石地方高校应定位于为地方经济和社会发展服务

黄石地方政府办高校已有二、三十年历史了 ,但适用人才匮乏始终困扰着黄石地方经济和社会发展 ,地方高校对此有不可推卸的责任。为了继续获得地方政府的支持 ,为了地方高校的持续发展 ,黄石地方高校应定位于为地方经济和社会发展服务。