支离破碎的索马里

当索马里陷入失败国家境地时，摩加迪沙成为一座不设防城市，海盗和恐怖分子大举进入。然而，索马里以北的索马里兰共和国却政治稳定，一片和平景象，这究竟是怎么回事？     

论互联网条件下的按需报告模式

本文分析了公司报告中多样化和标准化之间的联系。我们认为,“ 围绕标准报告进行按需报告 ”(Customization Around a Standard Report,以下简称CASR)是未来财务报告的一种可行方法。在此方法下,通用财务报告作为基准,保持了信息的可靠性、可比性,以满足使用者的共同信息需求,而附加的按需报告则满足了使用者的不同信息需求。CAS R 仅靠报告公司本身是无法有效实施的。CASR 应当由报告公司、信息中介和最终使用者共同担当,才能发挥更大的效力。这种联合的 CASR 能在 P2P(Peer-to-Peer)的网络互联环境下实现。在此环境下,原始财务数据(如报告公司)以及财务分析师提供的报告均可通过因特网互联和共享。网络环境将对按需报告和标准化产生极大需求。在这种数据互联和文档共享的条件下,为提高未来网上可能出现的大量按需报告的合法性和可靠性,对鉴证服务的需求将大大增加。     

标杆管理的局限性

企业应该将标杆调查用于通用流程或者服务标杆管理无疑有其优点。将标准流程的生产时间或成本与同类公司的相比较,能让你洞悉有关自身效率乃至竞争力方面的重要信息。但是标杆管理也有其局限性。倘若你忽视内部支持团体或者共享服务部门所提供的差异化产出,这种不加区别的成本或数字比较就毫无意义。如今,支持部门的安身     

Measuring a product's usefulness

This paper explains how a product's usefulness may be defined and measured. Many aspects of consumer product assessments are conducted sub-consciously and this process is closely examined. A product's usefulness can be evaluated by measuring its advantages over alternative solutions based on specific criteria associated with fundamentals needs. When multiple criteria are involved, different weights are assigned to each. It should take into account the context in which the product is used. For the purpose of this paper, we use a formula to determine the relative usefulness of a variety of products in different contexts. We conclude that aspects of product's usefulness, connected with sub-conscious human decision making processes, can be a major factor in predicting acceptance and rejection rates.     

Prospective ergonomics: origin, goal, and prospects

So far ergonomics has been concerned with two categories of activities: correction and design. We propose to add a third category: prospection, and by so doing, we introduce a new series of activities that opens up the future of ergonomics. Corrective ergonomics relates to the past and comes with a demand and a client. It is turned towards the correction of existing situations and aims to reduce or eliminate problems. Here, after delimiting and defining the problem, the challenge is to find the best solution. Ergonomics for design relates to the present and also comes with a demand and a client. It is turned towards the design of new artefacts that have already been identified by a client, and that will allow users to do some activity and attain their goals. Here, after defining the scope of the project and the functional requirements, the challenge is to do the best design. Finally, prospective ergonomics relates to the future and does not come with a demand and a client. It is turned towards the creation of future things that have not been identified yet. Here the challenge is to detect existing user needs or anticipate future ones, and imagine solutions. These three categories of activities overlap and are not exclusive of each other. In this paper we define prospective ergonomics and compare it with corrective ergonomics and ergonomics for design. We describe its origin, goal, and prospects, we analyze its impacts on education and practice, and we emphasize the need of new collaboration between ergonomics and other disciplines.     

中国产业调整和外贸策略

自1978改革开放以来,中国在世界贸易中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文分析中国外贸的发展,试图证明:中国商品通过外贸的方式进入国际市场,对中国经济不仅是必需的手段,而且可以达到调整产业结构和促进改革的目的。国际市场的变化已经影响和冲击了中国外贸出口的结构和产品竞争力。一些影响中国外贸的因素(例如国际市场上的进出口区域差异、供求关系和价格弹性)引起了越来越多的关注。改革开放初期,中国基本上是以出口原材料和初级产品为主;随着中国经济的发展,制造业在出口中所占的比重越来越大;如今高科技产品的贸易在外贸中的重要性上升,而同时中国对能源进口的需求已经对世界能源供应链产生了压力。2001年,中国加入WTO可以被看作是一个分水岭。加入WTO以后,随着关税和非关税壁垒的消失,产品更容易进入外国市场。作者着重讨论中国的外贸策略的选择:充分利用WTO的特别保护和过渡保护期的规定,特别是保护一些处于起步阶段的行业,并分析了一些具体的行业。另外,世界经济对中国外贸的影响也体现在组成区域经济共同体以及形成全球化生产网络等方面。由于中国对美国和欧盟的贸易顺差,双方的贸易摩擦一直在增长。随着大量的外国直接投资(FDI)进入中国,中国成为跨国公司全球化生产网络一个重要组成部分。而要求中国参与组织东亚,甚至包括ASEAN(东南亚国家联盟)自由贸易区的呼声也越来越高。这些都反映了中国经济的影响和实力。文章由此得出结论:中国产业结构的调整和外贸策略的相互作用对于中国经济的进一步发展和中国国力的增强将产生至关重要的影响。     

通过组织协调创造价值

哪些途径可以在整个组织的业务及支持部门中培养协同效应? 我们通常所说的“协调”指的是:构成企业的各个单元,必须合力支持企业总体战略。这种协调是自下而上产生的。但是,企业还必须培养另一种形式的协调,即旨在创造价值的协调。说到底, 组建多部门企业,目的就在于发挥整体效应,使之创造出一加一大于二的价值,否则就毫无意义。在本文中,罗伯特·卡普兰     

持续增长的22条迷思（一）

您是否正在为怎样获得切实可行的、可持续的商业增长绞尽脑汁？在追求增长的途中，您是否身陷困局？也许正是关于增长的22条迷思让您处于迷雾之中难觅方向     

响应曲面法在现金流预测中的应用

现金流是企业经营的源泉,科学地预测企业现金流对决策者、投资人和银行都具有重要意义。文章通过应用响应曲面法进行建模和仿真,利用滑动窗技术,对一汽轿车的现金流量的预测进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,响应曲面模型具有较好的预测效果。模型的拟合和预测效果与滑动窗发送器的尺寸、响应曲面法的具体函数选择有关。     

Human embryonic stem cell research: an argument for national research review

The US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) recently published voluntary guidelines for human embryonic stem (hES) cell research. The NAS guidelines propose two levels of oversight. AT the local level, research institutions are to create Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight (ESCRO) committees with a mandate to assess the scientific merit and ethical acceptability of hES cell research. At the national level, a new committee is to be created, not to review specific research proposals, but rather to periodically assess, and as needed revise, the NAS guidelines. In this article, we critically assess this proposal. In particular, we review the benefits and limitations of local research review. On this basis, we argue that local review is insufficient for hES cell research and that while there are obvious pragmatic and political reasons for the NAS to favor local research review, there are more compelling reasons for the NAS to have recommended national review of hES cell research proposals.