隐喻的主要理论及指称述评

1.现代隐喻研究的五大流派 亚里士多德开创了隐喻研究的时代.他阐释了不同概念域的两个事物之间的联系,为后来的对比论奠定了基础.顾名思义,对比论就是拿一种事物与另一种事物相比较.据此,"Man is a wolf"相当于明喻"Man is like a wolf",只不过这里的"like"被省略了.因此,隐喻是一个简缩的明喻.     

我为什么要出版电子版学术专著?

在电子版的文献中 ,电子期刊看来发展最快 ,这可能是由于印刷版的学术刊物涨价太快的缘故。所以 ,电子期刊问题特别引起人们的关注。但是 ,对电子版学术专著的重要性也不该低估。从学术专著出版情况看 ,以英国为例 ,在过去 1 0年内(1 985～ 1 995 ) ,学术著作总量从 2 5 0 0 0种增长到45 0 0 0种 (含新版本 )。但目前关于电子版专著的情况在文献中尚未有所反映 ,为此笔者着重对英国学术著作电子版出版情况进行了调查 ,并且与北美进行了比较。在对 80种学术专著和教科书出版社的调查中 ,有 2 3家 (占总数 2 8.75 % )出版了电子版学术专著 ,5 …     

美国的科学政策

《美国的科学政策——1939到现在》一书(修订版),1972年由美国麻省理工学院出版,编者是四位历史学家.全书共分六个部分:一、导言:历史的概述,二、准备和战争,三、战后科学的规划(1945-1950),四、本世纪中叶(1950-1957),五、反应的年代(1957-1965),六、衰退中的体系(1965-1970).编者依据大量材料(其中包括许多美国官方文件),对美国自1939到1970年的科学体制和政策作了历史的论述.对我们研究美国的科学政策和体制的演变有一定参考价值.下面是本书主要内容的简要介绍.     

使战争成为神话:从越南到伊拉克

在美国历史上,总有一些政治领袖以国家的命运为名要求人们无条件地接受战争的必要性和正当性.例如,在越南战争年代,我们民族的良心受到了把爱国主义与公民责任等同于盲目地参加与支持那场战争的质问.紧接着越南战争所带来的不适是一种民族主义的苏醒,政策制定者们将军事选择视为一种可行的和具有吸引力的外交政策工具.     

Time to listen: strategies to improve hospital-based postnatal care

BACKGROUND: In Australia and internationally, women report high levels of dissatisfaction with hospital-based postnatal care. AIM: To design and implement strategies to improve hospital-based postnatal care at a Sydney metropolitan hospital. METHOD: This was an Action Research study. In Phase One, midwives considered the literature and participated in group discussions and interviews to determine their perceptions of postnatal care and the factors that facilitate or hinder the provision of quality care. In Phase Two, midwives participated in 12 working group meetings to design strategies to improve care. RESULTS: Several important principles of postnatal care were described, including building a relationship with women, meeting their individual needs, being flexible in approach and providing continuity of care. 'Listening to women', 'being there,' and 'normalising experiences and expectations' were believed to be critical to achieving these principles. A key strategy 'One to One Time' was designed to provide women with an uninterrupted period of time each day with a midwife who was available to listen to their needs and concerns and discuss issues related to their health and that of their baby. CONCLUSION: Midwives designed and implemented strategies that they believed would improve in-hospital postnatal care.     

扮靓高招

露出额头或许可使你变美。许多人虽拥有宽而饱满的额头,却喜欢用头发加以遮掩,其实不妨试着梳起额发,你会发觉自己的这一优点(脸型呈倒三角的另当别论)。 耳朵可以使脸部更明朗。齐耳短发盖住双耳,通常给人一种黯然无光的感觉,而露出双耳可使整个人显     

国际台老外话春节

中国国际广播电台（CRI,简称国际台）现有200多位外籍员工。每年,国际台的春节联欢会上都能看到外籍员工或演出或观看的身影;每年,国际台都会为外籍员工组织新春招待会,与外籍员工一起庆祝新春。     

克服一切失控反应

在我们被“失控”带走之前,我们可以学会去辨别深色马。恐惧是深色马,愤怒是深色马,焦虑、恐惧、自怜、肩扛整个世界的责任的感觉,等等,都是深色马。这个清单上还有仇恨、报复、自以为是、急躁、抑郁,以及大多数消极状态,它们自然都是潜意识的痛苦之源。     

日本古代上流武士的婚礼

在江户时代,从礼法和上下关系的规范到住宅建造的式样都是以武士阶层的式样为标准的。因此在婚礼的形式方面,下级衙役也都效仿武士的做法。按照江马务的《结婚的历史》及其中介绍到的伊势贞陆所著《迎接新娘的程序》和伊势贞丈所著《婚礼收支记》中的记载,尝试再现上流武士的婚礼。     

"Show me your impact": evaluating transitional justice in contested spaces

This paper discusses some of the most significant challenges and opportunities for evaluating the effects of programs in support of transitional justice - the field that addresses how post-conflict or post authoritarian societies deal with legacies of wide spread human rights violations. The discussion is empirically grounded in a case study that assesses the efforts of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and one of its Guatemalan partners to evaluate the effects of a museum exposition that is attempting to recast historic memory and challenge racist attitudes in post-conflict Guatemala. The paper argues that despite the increasing trend to fund transitional justice programs, many international aid donors are stuck in traditional and arguably orthodox paradigms of program evaluation. This is having a negative effect not only upon the administration of aid but also upon how transitional justice research is perceived and valued by local populations. The case study experience indicates that there is no perfect evaluation model or approach for evaluating transitional justice programming - only choices to be made by commissioners of evaluation, evaluators, and those being evaluated. These are profoundly influenced by the extreme politics and moral values that define transitional justice settings as contested spaces in which calls to remember the tragic past must be balanced with aspirations to re-build a hopeful future.