Physiological Responses to Near-Miss Outcomes and Personal Control During Simulated Gambling

Near-miss outcomes during gambling are non-win outcomes that fall close to a pay-out. While objectively equivalent to an outright miss, near-misses motivate ongoing play and may therefore be implicated in the development of disordered gambling. Given naturalistic data showing increases in heart rate (HR) and electrodermal activity (EDA) during periods of real gambling play, we sought to explore the phasic impact of win, near-miss and full-miss outcomes on physiological arousal in a controlled laboratory environment. EDA and HR were monitored as healthy, student participants (n = 33) played a simulated slot-machine task involving unpredictable monetary wins. A second gambling distortion, perceived personal control, was manipulated within the same task by allowing the participant to select the play icon on some trials, and having the computer automatically select the play icon on other trials. Near-misses were rated as less pleasant than full-misses. However, on trials that involved personal choice, near-misses produced higher ratings of ‘continue to play’ than full-misses. Winning outcomes were associated with phasic EDA responses that did not vary with personal choice. Compared to full-misses, near-miss outcomes also elicited an EDA increase, which was greater on personal choice trials. Near-misses were also associated with greater HR acceleration than other outcomes. Near-miss outcomes are capable of eliciting phasic changes in physiological arousal consistent with a state of subjective excitement, despite their objective non-win status.     

美与痛若

画家亨利·马蒂斯年轻的时候，每个星期，他都会去大师雷诺阿的画室。后来，雷诺阿患上关节炎，马蒂斯给他带去食物、画笔和颜料，总是想劝说大师，说他工作过度，需要休息。     

地方性与全球性：地方权力与全球化

在几内亚沿海地区，分权表现为一定程度的权力下放，而在地方层面上又为世俗权威1牢牢控制，好像当地政府是唯一的掌权人。这是农村权力关系的现有制度。地方权力始终与更为广阔的世界息息相关。权力负责行使所有社会不可或缺的内部职责，又因外在需要而构建。“权力及其象征是向社会证明其内聚力和‘个性’表达，以及涉及异己时如何自处和自卫的手段”（Balandier1967，P．44）。     

新时期新疆高校意识形态教育的侧重点与路径创新

新疆高校意识形态领域教育面临的情况和问题与内地高校相比有很多是相似的。但由于新疆特殊的地缘政治环境和高校意识形态教育面临的外部环境比内地高校要复杂得多。新时期在新的实践中探索新疆高校意识形态教育内容的侧重点及创新路径,对新疆的安全稳定、实现跨越式发展和长治久安至关重要。     

城市化进程中维吾尔族居民语言态度的调查与分析——以几个调查点的现状为例进行对比

随着城市化的快速推进,城市维吾尔族居民更多地面临与其他民族的接触和交流。在城市多民族文化环境下,他们意识到保持并传承本民族语言的同时,必须尽快学习掌握国家通用语汉语。本文以实地调查数据为依据,对比分析了维吾尔族城市居民对母语、汉语、双语的态度,并就他们的双语教育相关问题提出作者的看法。