唐代开元盛世的边疆格局及其西北民族关系——以敦煌遗书P.2555陷蕃组诗为中心

敦煌遗书P.2555是一卷重要文书,其中陷蕃组诗七十二首,反映出当时唐代开元盛世的边疆格局及其与西北各民族之间的复杂关系。P.2555陷蕃组诗集中体现的是唐代开元后期大唐与吐蕃、突骑施、大食、突厥等边疆关系,其创作时间可以推定为开元二十二年冬到开元二十四年秋,不是过去通常认为的敦煌沦陷时期或沦陷前夕。陷蕃组诗作者所称呼的"王都护姨夫"即安西都护王斛斯,唐开元后期镇守西域边关的重要统帅,而陷蕃组诗作者身份为大唐出使塞外戎乡的"富有宰相之望"的吏部尚书、皇室宗亲李暠,不是过去通常所提的毛押牙、马云奇。     

西部民族地区旅游生态补偿政策实施的实践探索

The ethnic regions of Western Chi￣na are rich in ecological and cultural tourism re￣sources. At the same time, the regions are also ec￣ologically vulnerable areas with large populations of ethnic groups who have lived for a long time in poverty. Based on years’ investigation, it is obvi￣ous that tourism development, even though it can promote local economic development, has had a significant negative impact on the ecology, envi￣ronment and local communities. During the 18 th and 17 th National Congresses of the Communist Pary of China, a policy was announced to improve ecological compensation and accelerate the estab￣lishment of an ecological compensation mecha￣nism. So far, both government and academia have mainly focused on the effects and necessities of building a mechanism for ecological compensation. Of special concern, even if governments at all lev￣els sequentially enacted a series of policie with cer￣tain characteristics of ecological compensation, the public is still questioning the impartiality and legit￣imacy of the charges of such policy of ecological compensation. Thus, the task of implementing the ecological compensation policy faces many obsta￣cles. At present, the core research issue on eco￣logical compensation is no longer just the question of why it should be charged. This question was al￣ready clearly stated in official documents from cen￣tral government. Up to now, the core issues that need clarification are:in practice, how the charge be made; what amount of money should be charged;how will the revenue from the charge be used;how will the revenue derived from the charge be audited; and whether or not this charge can help to achieve government objectives in such a way.
Based on the unique background of the ethnic regions of Western China, this paper deeply analy￣ses issues of implementing policies such as ecologi￣cal compensation for tourism, including the illegi￣bility and legitimacy of who should pay, how much should be paid, and how to manage the funds im￣partially; and providing scientific and reasonable countermeasures to solve these practical problems. Compared with other industries, the tourism indus￣try became the pioneer for the practice of ecologi￣cal compensation as well as the research objective of ecological compensation studies. Some research￣ers defined ecological compensation for tourism as a system of regulating related ecological interests to protect the ecosystems of tourism destinations and promote sustainable development of the tourism in￣dustry ( Zhang Yiqun, Yang Guihua, 2012 ) . Al￣though such a definition is still fuzzy, at least it in￣dicates that the research of ecological compensation for tourism involves interdisciplinary fields inclu￣ding Economics, Sociology, Ecology and Tourism, etc. Currently, the research of ecological compen￣sation for tourism has insufficient first hand empiri￣cal research data. At the same time it has not yet had nationwide impact, either domestically or over￣seas. The research on implementing policies for the ecological compensation of tourism is at an early stage in China.
Obviously, it is hard to find sufficient re￣search results or research methods for reference, which brings certain limitations to this paper. To demonstrate the scope of this study, this paper de￣fined tourism ecological compensation as exploring the feasibility of spending fiscal revenue ( paid by tourism enterprises, tourists or other stakeholders) on protecting natural ecological environment. Based on this definition, this paper generated three actual issues with regard to implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism, including the vagueness of the charge, the lack of unified, standard levies, and the non-tranparency of fund management. Combined with analyzing the current special background of implementing policies of ec￣ological compensation for tourism in the ethnic re￣gions of Western China, and by especially empha￣sizing the local communities of the ethnic groups who should be compensated, this paper tries to provide scientific and reasonable countermeasures consisting of implementing corresponding national policy, formulating correlated policy in accordance with local conditions and standardizing and institu￣tionalizing fund management. This paper not only attempts to support strongly implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism at the insti￣tutional level, but also to coordinate the contradic￣tions between tourism development and ecological protection, and local community self - develop￣ment, hoping to achieve the win-win objectives of promoting an ecological compensation policy for tourism, tourism poverty alleviation and ecological civilization.     

深圳特区产业结构变迁与经济增长

通过对深圳市1979—2009年的经济统计数据进行回归与图表分析,描述深圳市的产业结构状况及其形成过程,指出了深圳开Z30年来虽经济成就斐然,但产业结构相比20世纪90年代仍无实质改变。文章依据分析思路认为深圳尤应加速推进产业结构转换、升级,提升第三产业产值在GDP中的比重,形成更高效率经济增长方式并优化产业结构,从而实现经济体的现代化转型。     

数字化核电厂界面管理任务对操纵员心理负荷及注意力影响研究

核电厂数字化人机界面管理任务给操纵员带来了影响,降低了第一类任务的绩效。文章以界面管理任务为背景,基于问卷调查,探讨界面管理任务对操纵员心理负荷、注意力影响因素的程度及因素之间的相关性。研究结果表明,界面管理任务对操纵员心理负荷影响较大的几个影响因子为“脑力需求”“任务难度”“紧张度”“疲劳程度”。其中,任务难度对脑力需求、紧张度、努力程度、疲劳程度有较大影响;疲劳程度与脑力需求、任务难度、紧张度相关;界面管理任务对注意力的消耗程度与紧张度、操作负荷、疲劳度、脑力负荷有较大影响;若操作负荷越大,操纵员心理压力越大,会更紧张,消耗的注意力资源也会越多。     

“黄山之顶有青松” 一个警卫战士对邓小平的回忆

1979年7月的一天,壮观秀丽的黄山迎来了一位75岁的攀登者———邓小平。我清楚地记得,此时距离历史上具有伟大转折意义的党的十一届三中全会胜利闭幕刚过去半年多,中国的改革开放已经起步向前。在国务繁忙之际,能有机会攀登黄山奇峰,对他老人家来说,实在难得,也异乎寻     

长安东汉作家及其地域分布略考

东汉是中国古代文学发展的重要转型时期,东汉虽然已经建都洛阳,但长安文化仍然对东汉产生了重要影响。东汉长安作家是东汉地域文学的代表,通过爬梳有关史料,对东汉"三辅"京兆尹、左冯翊、右扶风39城、52位作家的创作事迹和地域分布做了考证整理,并进而总结了东汉长安文学四个方面的创作特征以及对后世的影响。     

《字典》《词典》援例疑义说

一、重要字词误写说 甲<古代汉语词典>(商务印书馆,2003年12月南京第13项印刷版)"疑"字条,3、níng音,义项⑧曰:通"凝".凝结.例句为<苟子·解蔽>:"以可以知人之性,求可以知物之理,而无所～止之,则没世穷年不能偏也."就其例句来看,前三句好懂,但第四句别则上下不顺."     

看宝宝大便知肠胃健康

小孩不够高,是许多父母心底的痛.笔者发现,求诊者中,约1/10属于病理性生长迟缓,很多等到初中时才发现,已来不及了.性早熟小朋友也愈来愈多.     

如何加强高校人事管理队伍建设的几点思考

当前,高校人事管理工作面临着很多新情况和新特点,其中加强人事管理队伍建设尤为必要.这支队伍的职业道德好与坏直接关系到工作质量、效率的高低,关系到事业兴衰成败.加强人事管理队伍建设需从自身做起,提升综合素养;再者高校也需积极为其成长创造条件.     

金融海啸催生香港“另类”商机

当下,常听到的一句话是"危中有机"。在这经济寒冬中,确有商机相伴而生。据一篇网络文章介绍:在一些地区,一群由淘爱族、试吃族、疗伤族、返券族、国货族、抠门族、拼客族等组成的消费大军正悄然壮大,谁瞄准了其中潜伏的商机,谁就能"化危为机",成为萧条时期的商场赢家。而在香港这个国际都会,伴随金融海啸袭来,港人资产缩水,失业率一步步攀升,冲击着不少港人的信心。在此