Cultural Organizations and the State: Art and State Support in Contemporary Britain

Only a small proportion of research in the sociological field of arts and culture is on the state and its effects. Literature which touches on this topic often comes from the policy arena and the wide variety of disciplines interested in public policy. Research tends to focus on two key themes: funding and censorship. But the effects of state actions are much broader. Moreover, state support is often set in opposition to the market, but markets and state systems usually exist together. It is ironic that the effects of the state on cultural organizations are increasingly studied at just this point in time, when states are scaling back their involvement and privatization is coming to the fore. Focusing on cultural organizations usually associated with the fine arts (museums and performing arts organizations), I illustrate some of these themes with a discussion of recent events in the UK.     

Connectivity and Resilience: A Multidimensional Analysis of Infrastructure Impacts in the Southwestern Amazon

Infrastructure is a worldwide policy priority for national development via regional integration into the global economy. However, economic, ecological and social research draws contrasting conclusions about the consequences of infrastructure. We present a synthetic approach to the study of infrastructure, focusing on a multidimensional treatment of indicators of connectivity and resilience. As our study case, we adopt a tri-national frontier in the southwestern Amazon being integrated by a highway, and use survey data for rural leaders to evaluate the relationship of community connectivity to market towns and social-ecological resilience. The findings show varying relationships among different dimensions of connectivity and resilience, which bear implications regarding indicator approaches to the study of infrastructure impacts.     

Leadership in Collaborative Community Health Partnerships

This article examines key leadership issues in community health partnerships. We assert that leadership in a partnership is differentiated from that in a traditional, hierarchical organization in that participation is voluntary and egalitarian and often entails cooperation by organizations with different cultures and agendas. Partnership leaders, accordingly, often lack formal control over members and their actions. Using qualitative analysis of 115 site‐visit interviews of participants in four partnerships in the Community Care Networks demonstration program, we identify and discuss five themes of collaborative leadership: systems thinking, vision‐based leadership, collateral leadership, power sharing, and process‐based leadership. We then discuss the multiple challenges that collaborative leadership faces in a community health partnership.     

Cost-cautious designs for confirmatory bioassay

Confirmatory bioassay experiments take place in late stages of the drug discovery process when a small number of compounds have to be compared with respect to their properties. As the cost of the observations may differ considerably, the design problem is well specified by the cost of compound used rather than by the number of observations. We show that cost-efficient designs can be constructed using useful properties of the minimum support designs. These designs are particularly suited for studies where the parameters of the model to be estimated are known with high accuracy prior to the experiment, although they prove to be robust against typical inaccuracies of these values. When the parameters of the model can only be specified with ranges of values or by a probability distribution, we use a Bayesian criterion of optimality to construct the required designs. Typically, the number of their support points depends on the prior knowledge for the model parameters. In all cases we recommend identifying a set of designs with good statistical properties but different potential costs to choose from.     

Explicit formulas for generalized family-wise error rates and unimprovable step-down multiple testing procedures

Many multiple testing procedures (MTPs) are available today, and their number is growing. Also available are many type I error rates: the family-wise error rate (FWER), the false discovery rate, the proportion of false positives, and others. Most MTPs are designed to control a specific type I error rate, and it is hard to compare different procedures. We approach the problem by studying the exact level at which threshold step-down (TSD) procedures (an important class of MTPs exemplified by the classic Holm procedure) control the generalized FWER   defined as the probability of k$k$ or more false rejections. We find that level explicitly for any TSD procedure and any k$k$. No assumptions are made about the dependency structure of the p$p$-values of the individual tests. We derive from our formula a criterion for unimprovability   of a procedure in the class of TSD procedures controlling the generalized FWER at a given level. In turn, this criterion implies that for each k$k$ the number of such unimprovable procedures is finite and is greater than one if k>1$k>1$. Consequently, in this case the most rejective procedure in the above class does not exist.     

Picture Perception in Infants: Do 9‐Month‐Olds Attempt to Grasp Objects Depicted in Photographs?

Two experiments tested the DeLoache, Pierroutsakos, Uttal, Rosengren, and Gottlieb (1998 claim that 9‐month‐old infants attempt to grasp objects depicted in photographs. In Experiment 1, 9‐month‐olds viewed an object, a photograph of the object, and 2 flat, nonpictorial displays. On average, they reached for the photograph and nonpictorial displays with their hands approximately horizontal and close to the display surfaces, but reached for the object with their hands oriented obliquely and at significantly higher heights. The infants also exhibited similar behaviors when touching the photograph and nonpictorial displays. In Experiment 2, 9‐month‐olds exhibited similar behaviors when touching a photograph of an object and a photograph of textured carpet. The results of both experiments suggest that 9‐month‐olds treat photographs of objects as 2‐dimensional surfaces and not as graspable objects.