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101.
This study investigates the relationship of panel accretion to panel attrition and examines its impact on threats to external validity in adolescent substance use research. Panel accretion involves the addition of new participants to a panel design after initial baseline data has been obtained. Accretion occurs in longitudinal studies in which data is routinely gathered on all participants, as is often the case in prevention or epidemiological research on adolescent substance use. Accretion, attrition, and panel findings for three, 2-year panel samples in grades 7 through 9 are examined. The results indicate that accretion and attrition samples have an isomorphic relationship to one another on a range of dependent measures when drawn from the same population. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for adolescent substance use research, the examination of validity threats due to panel bias, and understanding the ecological validity of research findings. 相似文献
102.
103.
Arthur Snow 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》2010,40(2):133-145
The value of information is studied in a non-expected utility model of ambiguity with second-order probabilities. Information
that reduces ambiguity has a positive value for ambiguity-averse decision makers, and the value of information that resolves
ambiguity increases with greater ambiguity and with greater ambiguity aversion. Since information that resolves risk is valuable,
and must also resolve ambiguity, the value of such information for ambiguity averters increases with greater ambiguity and
with greater ambiguity aversion. 相似文献
104.
Arthur Horton 《Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment》2013,23(7):885-901
This article examines the recent deaths of Chicago Public School students. It focuses on the school year between September 2006 and June 2007. At least 30 individuals were killed during that interval. In this school year, the homicides continue at about the same pace. Although violence within the schools had declined and violence (including homicides) was at a lower rate for the city of Chicago, some communities remained vulnerable to this threat. Neighborhood characteristics seem to be contributing factors, but family dynamics and an individual's life style comes into play. The person in the environment that we draw upon in social work has limitations, given new urban problems. 相似文献
105.
This article reports the results of an exploratory study of the organizational characteristics, functions, and roles of intermediary nonprofit organizations selected by the European Union to deliver global grant funding in relation to its Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. The results show that the main factor for determining organizational processes is the need to respond to conflicting pressures from two directions: upward to funding agencies and downward to community groups. This produces contradictory demands that are imported into the organizations as a set of internal tensions. The different structures and capabilities developed by the organizations to maintain unity and integrity in response to these tensions are explored and related to differences in the perceived role of the organizations. 相似文献
106.
Arthur S. Rood Patricia D. McGavran Jill W. Aanenson & John E. Till 《Risk analysis》2001,21(4):675-696
Carbon tetrachloride is a degreasing agent that was used at the Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) in Colorado to clean product components and equipment. The chemical is considered a volatile organic compound and a probable human carcinogen. During the time the plant operated (1953-1989), most of the carbon tetrachloride was released to the atmosphere through building exhaust ducts. A smaller amount was released to the air via evaporation from open-air burn pits and ground-surface discharge points. Airborne releases from the plant were conservatively estimated to be equivalent to the amount of carbon tetrachloride consumed annually by the plant, which was estimated to be between 3.6 and 180 Mg per year. This assumption was supported by calculations that showed that most of the carbon tetrachloride discharged to the ground surface would subsequently be released to the atmosphere. Atmospheric transport of carbon tetrachloride from the plant to the surrounding community was estimated using a Gaussian Puff dispersion model (RATCHET). Time-integrated concentrations were estimated for nine hypothetical but realistic exposure scenarios that considered variation in lifestyle, location, age, and gender. Uncertainty distributions were developed for cancer slope factors and atmospheric dispersion factors. These uncertainties were propagated through to the final risk estimate using Monte Carlo techniques. The geometric mean risk estimates varied from 5.2 x 10(-6) for a hypothetical rancher or laborer working near the RFP to 3.4 x 10(-9) for an infant scenario. The distribution of incremental lifetime cancer incidence risk for the hypothetical rancher was between 1.3 x 10(-6) (5% value) and 2.1 x 10(-5) (95% value). These estimates are similar to or exceed estimated cancer risks posed by releases of radionuclides from the site. 相似文献
107.
108.
We sought to better understand the long-term impact of gainsharing by analyzing longitudinal changes in two key indicators
of workplace union-management relations: grievance rates and employee absenteeism. Using a seven and one-half year longitudinal
data set and an interrupted time series design, we found that the introduction of a Scanlon-type gainsharing plan was followed
by a gradual and permanent decline in both of these indicators. These results provide strong quantitative evidence for the
ability of gainsharing to transform existing labor-management relations. Using qualitative data, we consider the relationship
between labor relations outcomes and other plant-level performance improvements following the introduction of gainsharing
in this case. 相似文献
109.
110.
Blaser Arthur W. 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2001,12(3):300-301
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - 相似文献