拉动消费的意义

尽管过去十年里，中国的实际工资水平上涨了12．5％，但是消费在经济中所占的比例却在下降，因此，评论员怀疑，企业家面临的是国内外需求及生产能力同时萎缩的局面。     

18世纪俄国居民生活状况的历史考察

18世纪俄国与西方世界建立起密切的经济和文化联系,现代化进程显著加快,经济发展顺利,俄国的大国地位进一步巩固.但由于对外战争和结构性改革以及特权阶层追求西方化生活,赋税提高,居民的物质状况恶化,生活水平下降.     

私立研究中心:拉美高等教育发展现状与变化

在拉丁美洲,私立研究中心引领了社会和政策领域的研究热点.与公立大学相比,它们发展得更成熟,成果更丰富,也更具影响力.巴西私立高等教育由不同文化背景的、具有历史沿袭的团体组织构成,毕达哥拉斯学院是其中新兴的第三种办学模式,堪比凤凰城；智利的高等教育日益向私有化发展,私立高等教育已经成为高等教育的主导,并利用有限的经费获得了较高的学术能力；墨西哥私立高等教育类型多样,低端或需求满足型学校数量众多；乌拉圭是拉美最后一个批准私立高校的国家,其私立高等教育发展较迟的原因在于天主教对社会的影响较小、公立教育的质量较高以及国家对私立高校的约束较强,但私立高等教育仍与公立高等教育在研究生教育领域展开了新的竞争.本刊已连续四期刊登菲利普·G.阿尔特巴赫《私立高等教育:全球革命》(2005年)一书的部分文章,这期刊登该书有关拉丁美洲私立高等教育的相关文章,以飨读者(标题系编者所加).     

在公共服务递送中运营共同生产：服务蓝图的贡献

本文认为,公共服务应从以产品为主导的逻辑转向服务途径。通过采取服务导向,公共服务递送的经验性、组织间和系统性,以及作为共同生产者的服务使用者角色,将一同被考虑。论文将通过服务蓝图的应用,解释共同生产如何操作。并介绍了高等教育中的一个案例。在这一案例中,蓝图的创建将师生汇聚在一起,专注于学生入学的设计,从而改善学生体验,并支持共同生产。      

Opportunities for woman-initiated HIV prevention methods among female sex workers in southern China

Rapid changes in China over the past two decades have led to significant problems associated with population migration and changing social attitudes, including a growing sex industry and concurrent increases in STIs and HIV. This article reports results of an exploratory study of microbicide acceptability and readiness and current HIV prevention efforts among female sex workers in two rural and one urban town in Hainan and Guangxi Provinces in southern China. The study focused on these women's knowledge and cultural understandings of options for protecting themselves from exposure to STIs and HIV, and the potential viability and acceptability of woman-initiated prevention methods. We report on ethnographic elicitation interviews conducted with women working within informal sex-work establishments (hotels, massage and beauty parlors, roadside restaurants, boarding houses). We discuss implications of these findings for further promotion of woman-initiated prevention methods such as microbicides and female condoms among female sex workers in China.     

Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: results from a national survey

Relatively little is known about condom use among bisexual men as separate and distinct from exclusively homosexual and heterosexual men. Most previous research on bisexual men has relied on non-probabilistic, high risk samples with limited generalizability. We examined the relationship between male behavioral bisexuality and condom use in the 2002 cycle of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Bisexually-active men positively differed from heterosexually- and homosexually-active men on every indicator of confounding risk. However, bisexually-active men did not report using condoms less often than other men during their last sexual encounters with males and females. Indeed, with female partners, bisexually-active men reported higher rates of condom use than other men. These relationships remained when all sociodemographic and confounding risk factors were held constant. Our results suggest that caution must be used when making assumptions about condom use in the general population of bisexual men from non-probabilistic samples.     

Improving healthcare for children entering foster care

Despite the fact that children in foster care are, perhaps, the most vulnerable children, healthcare for them has been lacking woefully for many years. A growing body of research has documented the need for such care as well as the failure of child welfare agencies to make major improvements in providing healthcare to foster children. Nonetheless, current efforts are being made to change this situation. This article reports on one effort to improve the provision and timeliness of health exams for children entering care. One rural and one urban county served as project treatment sites, with two additional rural and urban counties serving as control sites. The treatment sites achieved a statistically significant improvement in their rate of exam completion as compared to the control sites. The study finds that despite an existing policy for healthcare for children entering foster care, legislation mandating additional efforts, shortened time frames, and provision for judicial oversight are needed for improvement.     

Analysis of strategic plans to assess planning for sustainability of comprehensive community initiatives

In order to achieve the intended impact on a community, comprehensive community initiatives must sustain programs once they have been implemented. However, planning for sustainability is challenging and is rarely incorporated in the planning process of an initiative. The current study examined 19 5-year plans developed during the planning phase of the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to assess the extent to which the construct of sustainability was incorporated. The plan analysis was supplemented with results from other components of the complex evaluation design implemented as part of the process evaluation of Comprehensive Strategy. Results suggested that sustainability was not accounted for during the planning phase of this initiative. The implications of these findings, including the importance of planning for sustainability in order to achieve sustainability, are discussed.