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21.
To analyze bivariate time‐to‐event data from matched or naturally paired study designs, researchers frequently use a random effect called frailty to model the dependence between within‐pair response measurements. The authors propose a computational framework for fitting dependent bivariate time‐to‐event data that combines frailty distributions and accelerated life regression models. In this framework users can choose from several parametric options for frailties, as well as the conditional distributions for within‐pair responses. The authors illustrate the flexibility that their framework represents using paired data from a study of laser photocoagulation therapy for retinopathy in diabetic patients. 相似文献
22.
23.
Sarah H. Matthews 《Qualitative sociology》1979,1(3):35-52
This paper addresses the relationship between meaning attached to settings by social actors and their self-identities. In
the context of research on the social worlds of old widows the author identifies “ideal type” self-designated identities,
namely that of “resident” vs. “newcomer” in a setting. These self-identities are considered in light of the bearing upon them
of the non-human or physical aspects of settings as well as of the people who share the settings. Finally, strategies for
maintaining “resident” status are shown to be more limited for the old than for the younger members of society.
I would like to thank Juanita B. Wood, Stephen G. Wieting, Ellen Horgan Biddle, Harold B. Freshley, and an anonymous reviewer
forQualitative Sociology for their instructive comments on earlier drafts of this paper. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Administration
on Aging, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Researchers undertaking such projects are encouraged to express freely
their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent the
official position or policy of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 相似文献
24.
This study examined the extent to which lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients perceived their addiction counselors and treatment programs to be sensitive to issues related to sexual orientation. The experiences they considered most successful were reported as more affirmative than experiences they considered least successful; however, in neither situation were counselors or treatment programs consistently affirmative. 相似文献
25.
Amy L. Ai Carol Plummer Grace Heo Catherine M. Lemieux Cassandra E. Simon Patricia Taylor Valire Carr Copeland 《Race and social problems》2011,3(1):13-24
This study examines the attribution of responsibility for the problematic response to Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005.
Based on social identity theory, the study compared the attribution with racism and non-racism factors (situational vs. dispositional
attributions) between African American and European American students (n = 505). As hypothesized, African American identity was related to greater racism attribution, even after controlling for
demographics, faith factors, and cognitive-emotional reactions to the hurricanes. European American identity was associated
with more executive-responsibility attributions, but the effect vanished after adjusting other factors. The study underscores
the importance of acknowledging group identity rather than an overarching American identity in exploring the race effect after
a national collective trauma. The consequential implications for disaster planning, future research investigation, and social
service delivery are discussed. 相似文献
26.
Blair Matthews 《Intercultural Education》2020,31(3):330-344
ABSTRACT Reflexivity refers to the capacity for individuals to understand the cultural system and manage their own position within it. Reflexivity is a key concept in the understanding of intercultural communication, particularly in recognising the ability for individuals to understand and adapt to new cultural contexts. However, the prevailing methods used in intercultural communication (namely that of intercultural competencies) do not place a great emphasis on the role of reflexivity in achieving cultural adaptation. In this paper, I argue for the central positioning of the concept of reflexivity in intercultural education as a mechanism which mediates between intercultural experiences and individual behaviour. I present evidence of the reflexive sequence (subject-object-subject) from the reflections of a cohort of students (n = 19). Finally, I suggest a pedagogical instrument (a heuristic) for empirically exploring reflexivity in intercultural communication. 相似文献
27.
Alan Matthews 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2002,20(1):75-90
Four themes in the developing countries’ position are highlighted. (i) They are seeking meaningful improvements in market access for their agricultural exports. (ii) They have highlighted the asymmetry of current WTO obligations under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, and are seeking greater equality of outcomes in the new round. (iii) Meaningful concessions on special and differential treatment will be necessary to satisfy the interests of both exporters and importers, especially on the scope to be allowed for tariff protection to domestic food production. (iv) Innovative and reliable guarantees will need to be provided to the least developed food importers to protect them against the risk of world price volatility. 相似文献
28.
Modern technology, together with an advanced economy, can provide a good or service in myriad ways, giving us choices on what to produce and how to produce it. To make those choices more intelligently, society needs to know not only the market price of each alternative, but the associated health and environmental consequences. A fair comparison requires evaluating the consequences across the whole "life cycle"--from the extraction of raw materials and processing to manufacture/construction, use, and end-of-life--of each alternative. Focusing on only one stage (e.g., manufacture) of the life cycle is often misleading. Unfortunately, analysts and researchers still have only rudimentary tools to quantify the materials and energy inputs and the resulting damage to health and the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides an overall framework for identifying and evaluating these implications. Since the 1960s, considerable progress has been made in developing methods for LCA, especially in characterizing, qualitatively and quantitatively, environmental discharges. However, few of these analyses have attempted to assess the quantitative impact on the environment and health of material inputs and environmental discharges Risk analysis and LCA are connected closely. While risk analysis has characterized and quantified the health risks of exposure to a toxicant, the policy implications have not been clear. Inferring that an occupational or public health exposure carries a nontrivial risk is only the first step in formulating a policy response. A broader framework, including LCA, is needed to see which response is likely to lower the risk without creating high risks elsewhere. Even more important, LCA has floundered at the stage of translating an inventory of environmental discharges into estimates of impact on health and the environment. Without the impact analysis, policymakers must revert to some simple rule, such as that all discharges, regardless of which chemical, which medium, and where they are discharged, are equally toxic. Thus, risk analysts should seek LCA guidance in translating a risk analysis into policy conclusions or even advice to those at risk. LCA needs the help of RA to go beyond simplistic assumptions about the implications of a discharge inventory. We demonstrate the need and rationale for LCA, present a brief history of LCA, present examples of the application of this tool, note the limitations of LCA models, and present several methods for incorporating risk assessment into LCA. However, we warn the reader not to expect too much. A comprehensive comparison of the health and environmental implications of alternatives is beyond the state of the art. LCA is currently not able to provide risk analysts with detailed information on the chemical form and location of the environmental discharges that would allow detailed estimation of the risks to individuals due to toxicants. For example, a challenge for risk analysts is to estimate health and other risks where the location and chemical speciation are not characterized precisely. Providing valuable information to decisionmakers requires advances in both LCA and risk analysis. These two disciplines should be closely linked, since each has much to contribute to the other. 相似文献
29.
Although electricity generation technologies and safety have improved gradually over time, nuclear power, including generation facilities and waste repositories, are seemingly stigmatized in American culture. Contemporary literature has considered the impact of widely broadcasting nuclear accidents and how media coverage might alter public risk perceptions and in turn, U.S. nuclear policy. This paper discusses the vacillation of public support in recent decades and its ties to both media and scientific reporting. The analysis identifies how media coverage of accidents at Chernobyl, Three-Mile Island, and Fukushima overwhelmed scientific claims of safety and security in nuclear energy production. Additionally, the discussion considers how to bridge the information gap between scientists, citizens, and policymakers through increased knowledge dissemination. Finally, the implications of improved scientific communication in democratic policymaking processes are discussed. 相似文献
30.
The importance of meeting the unmet need for contraception is nowhere more urgent than in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, where the fertility decline is stalling and total unmet need exceeds 30 per cent among married women. In Ghana, where fertility levels vary considerably, demographic information at sub-national level is essential for building effective family planning programmes. We used small-area estimation techniques, linking data from the 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey to the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census, to derive district-level estimates of contraceptive use and unmet need for contraception. The results show considerable variation between districts in contraceptive use and unmet need. The prevalence of contraceptive use varies from 4.1 to 41.7 per cent, while that of the use of modern methods varies from 4.0 to 34.8 per cent. The findings identify districts where family planning programmes need to be strengthened. 相似文献