试论西方近代科学精神与伦理意蕴

从16世纪上半叶哥白尼日心说的创立到17世纪下半叶牛顿经典力学体系的完成,这是人类历史上第一次重大的科学革命,它不仅改变了原有的社会经济和文化的格局,而且也改变了科学自身的地位及其格局.这一时期的科学精神不仅包括科学的理性精神即科学的存疑、探索、创新和兼收并蓄的精神,而且包括科学的伦理精神即科学活动主体的理智德性与道德德性--崇德精神和坚持将科学造福人类的伟大目标--臻善精神.     

英语教学"一条龙"研究述评

就近几年我国外语界对英语教学"一条龙"研究作一综述,并对此提出有待于进一步讨论的问题,以能引起外语教育界广大师生对我国大、中、小学英语教育改革的关注.     

非洲裔美国黑人英语的教学价值

美国加利福利亚奥克兰地区学校委员会标准英语教学项目公开承认非洲裔美国黑人英语的合法性以及在学校教学中的教育价值。作为标准美国英语的教学桥梁,笔者认为可以从三个方面来理解黑人英语的作用:第一,黑人英语可以成为黑人学生已有知识向新知识过渡的桥梁;第二,黑人英语是黑人学生语言“接受能力”和“生成能力”的中间环节;第三,在教师的帮助下,黑人学生通过对比、翻译、对语言多样性的了解,能够改变他们对自身语言的认识,提高学习的动机和积极性。     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of the New South Wales adult drug court program

In New South Wales, Australia, a cost-effectiveness evaluation was conducted of an adult drug court (ADC) program as an alternative to jail for criminal offenders addicted to illicit drugs. This article describes the program, the cost-effectiveness analysis, and the results. The results of this study reveal that, for the 23-month period of the evaluation, the ADC was as cost-effective as were conventional sanctions in delaying the time to the first offense and more cost-effective in reducing the frequency of offending for those outcome measures selected. Although the evaluation was conducted using the traditional steps of a cost-effectiveness analysis, because of the complexity of the program and data limitations it was not always possible to adhere to textbook procedures. As such, each step involved in undertaking the cost-effectiveness analysis is discussed, highlighting the key issues faced in the evaluation.     

Bayesian Estimation of Survival Functions under Stochastic Precedence

When estimating the distributions of two random variables, X and Y, investigators often have prior information that Y tends to be bigger than X. To formalize this prior belief, one could potentially assume stochastic ordering between X and Y, which implies Pr(X < or = z) > or = Pr(Y < or = z) for all z in the domain of X and Y. Stochastic ordering is quite restrictive, though, and this article focuses instead on Bayesian estimation of the distribution functions of X and Y under the weaker stochastic precedence constraint, Pr(X < or = Y) > or = 0.5. We consider the case where both X and Y are categorical variables with common support and develop a Gibbs sampling algorithm for posterior computation. The method is then generalized to the case where X and Y are survival times. The proposed approach is illustrated using data on survival after tumor removal for patients with malignant melanoma.     

Grice语用学模式批判

在话语理解中 ,通过解码获得语义 ,通过推理得出说话人意图。在语用学的发展过程中 ,话语理解的重心逐渐转移到推理过程 ,Grice的推理模式就是这种发展的代表 ,认为交际中人们遵守着合作原则以及相关准则 ,违背某些准则是为了表达暗含意义 ,需要推理求得理解。然而 ,Grice过分强调暗含意义 ,而且合作原则及有关准则来源不清 ,严重地削弱了Grice推理模式的解释力。     

关于西部地区研究生教育发展战略的思考

西部大开发战略为西部地区研究生教育提供了新的发展机遇与挑战 ,目前该地区研究生教育存在着学位授权单位和授权点少 ,分布不均匀 ,发展不平衡 ,教育质量不高 ,导师队伍较弱 ,经费投入不足等现状 ;为此应坚持规模、质量、结构、效益协调发展和发展的超前性、区域协调性 ,完善教育法规、依法治教 ,提高研究生质量的发展方针 ;应把调整学科结构、构建完整的学科体系 ,建设现代化研究生培养基地和重点学科 ,提高师资水平作为发展目标 ,可采取三个不同的发展阶段 :在高校办学自主权 ,研究生教育质量保证体系 ,教育投入 ,培养基地和导师队伍建设 ,东西部高校合作等方面采取积极策略。     

The shrimps shall inherit the earth

A new report confirms that peewees outlast titans--among rodents, at least. Whereas most studies assess size at one time point or life stage, the new one tracks the rodents' weight month by month from birth to death. As a result, the work offers the first hint that body weight at an early age correlates with an animal's life expectancy.     

从文学受难母题中看“成年礼”的原始遗存

当代文化不是独创的文化现象,它执著地保存着传统文化的血脉."成年礼"作为原始社会的一种重要仪式,其考验功能会长久印记在人类无意识层面.我们可从"尧、舜禅让传说"、"断手女传说"、<丑小鸭>、<人生>等主人公受难情节的分析来寻找文学作品中"成年礼"的影子.