Health Risk Characterization of Chlorpyrifos Using Epidemiological Dose‐Response Data and Probabilistic Techniques: A Case Study with Rice Farmers in Vietnam

Various methods for risk characterization have been developed using probabilistic approaches. Data on Vietnamese farmers are available for the comparison of outcomes for risk characterization using different probabilistic methods. This article addresses the health risk characterization of chlorpyrifos using epidemiological dose‐response data and probabilistic techniques obtained from a case study with rice farmers in Vietnam. Urine samples were collected from farmers and analyzed for trichloropyridinol (TCP), which was converted into absorbed daily dose of chlorpyrifos. Adverse health response doses due to chlorpyrifos exposure were collected from epidemiological studies to develop dose‐adverse health response relationships. The health risk of chlorpyrifos was quantified using hazard quotient (HQ), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and overall risk probability (ORP) methods. With baseline (prior to pesticide spraying) and lifetime exposure levels (over a lifetime of pesticide spraying events), the HQ ranged from 0.06 to 7.1. The MCS method indicated less than 0.05% of the population would be affected while the ORP method indicated that less than 1.5% of the population would be adversely affected. With postapplication exposure levels, the HQ ranged from 1 to 32.5. The risk calculated by the MCS method was that 29% of the population would be affected, and the risk calculated by ORP method was 33%. The MCS and ORP methods have advantages in risk characterization due to use of the full distribution of data exposure as well as dose response, whereas HQ methods only used the exposure data distribution. These evaluations indicated that single‐event spraying is likely to have adverse effects on Vietnamese rice farmers.     

Validation of the Career‐Related Parent Support Scale Among Chinese High School Students

The Career‐Related Parent Support Scale (CRPSS; Turner, Alliman‐Brissett, Lapan, Udipi, & Ergun, 2003 ) was translated and modified to form the 24‐item Chinese version of the scale. As in the case of the original CRPSS, the Chinese version includes 4 subscales (Instrumental Assistance, Emotional Support, Verbal Encouragement, and Career‐Related Modeling). The Chinese version of the CRPSS was validated in this study with a sample of Hong Kong high school students (N= 677). Reliability analyses showed that the total scale and subscales were internally consistent. The results of the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the Chinese version of the CRPSS provided adequate indicators of Chinese adolescents’ perceptions of parent support for their career aspirations.     

流动：农村家庭消费观念现代化的动力——基于中西部五省的实证研究

基于2005年初在中西部五省所展开的调查，本文主要探讨了农民大批进城工作的流动经历对农村家庭消费观念的影响。分析发现：这种经历有助于推动农村家庭消费观念的现代化。而且，不同的流动经历所产生的这种影响的大小又有一定的区别。此外，流动这一单一因素对农村家庭消费观念现代化转变的影响又是有限的，要完全实现这种转变还取决于其他多种因素。     

学生公用微机硬盘软保护一法

本文针对目前学生公用微机硬盘管理所遇到的一些问题提出了一种新的硬盘保护方法。     

卤化物的稳定性

本文利用热力学原理,计算晶格能和自由能变,根据晶格能及自由能变来判断离子型卤化物的稳定性。     

金融结构与金融发展的理论分析

本文通过对金融结构与金融发展相互关系的总结 ,概括了金融结构升级对金融发展的推动作用 ,分析了金融结构升级的约束条件和实现路径 ,为发展中国家金融改革模式提供了理论分析依据     

淳化县枣树沟脑遗址调查发掘的主要收获

枣树沟脑遗址位于陕西淳化县境内,地处古豳地的东部边缘.首次全面调查及考古发掘资料显示,枣树沟脑遗址不仅规模较大,文化内涵丰富而复杂,且先周时期文化遗存特征鲜明,三足瓮等文化遗物明显具有陕北一带的因素.进而揭示出古豳地区先周文化的多元性和复杂性,对于相关学术问题研究具有非常重要的意义.     

三大冲突的交融:中国资本流动性过剩内在机理分析

当前中国宏观经济面临诸多问题,其重要原因就在于中国资本流动性过剩.而资本流动性过剩产生的实质则是三大冲突的交融:即实体经济与虚拟经济的冲突,转轨期新体制与旧体制的冲突和开放经济下内外均衡的冲突.为此解决中国宏观经济运行矛盾的突破口在于解决资本流动性过剩,其战略思路应该以金融全球化背景为出发点,适应国际货币体系调整,以国家安全作为重点,实现三大均衡:一是实体经济和虚拟经济的均衡;二是新旧体制交叉期的制度均衡;三是开放条件下内外均衡.     

“文化”内涵考辩

中外学者关于文化的种种定义，各有长短，反映了近现代人类学家、社会学家和社会心理学家对文化认识的历史过程。通过归总众多学者关于文化的定义，我们可以从要素和特征两方面看待文化的内涵。     

宏大叙事与报告文学的边缘的边缘

宏大叙事产生了报告文学的复兴和繁荣的错觉。这缘于报告文学作家怀有的"史诗"情结,力图以史家博大深远的眼光对某一重大题材进行全景式的、纵深式的把握,以及对轰动效应的追求,这也导致报告文学作家"自我"的失落。而他们与杂志主编的合谋,各种奖项对长篇报告文学的推崇与厚爱也与此不无干系。虽然报告文学的发展状况不容乐观,但报告文学的复兴在明天,这是不容否认的。