Is education a risk factor or social vaccine against HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa? The effect of schooling across public health periods

Early in the 30-year HIV/AIDS pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, epidemiological studies identified formal education attainment as a risk factor: educated Sub-Saharan Africans had a higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than their less educated peers. Later demographic research reported that by the mid-1990s the education effect had reversed, and education began to function as a social vaccine. Recent counter-evidence finds a curvilinear pattern, with the association between educational attainment and HIV/AIDS infection changing from positive to negative across the education gradient. To reconcile these inconsistent conclusions, a hypothesis is developed and tested that education at early stages functioned as a risk factor and later functioned (and continues to function) as a social vaccine. We reason that this shift in the direction of the education effect was concurrent with changes in the public health environment in SSA that early on heightened material benefits from educational attainment but later heightened cognitive benefits from schooling. Using the 2003/2004 Demographic Health Surveys from four Sub-Saharan African countries (Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania), we tested this hypothesis (differential effects of schooling) using non-linear regression analysis (probit), identifying the different public health periods and controlling for confounding factors. The results support the hypothesis that the education effect shifted historically in the HIV/AIDS pandemic in SSA as we hypothesized.     

Human rights through the paradigm changes of the social communication theories

Human rights (HR), from the perspective of interest and thematic selection, are recognized in the topics of the communication. In general, there is considered to be a positive relationship between the media and its function of mediation with citizenship in reference to the declared general principles since inception in 1948. With this approach, the paper deals with providing an updated reflection of that connection and its main difficulties, such as the crisis of credibility in the information in the context of the European Union and within the framework of the paradigm changes that has derived in the knowledge society of the so-called third environment. The precepts of those recognized as generations of HR survive in the informational stories, of which, due to their current relevance in recent decades, those related to migratory movements, inequality, and poverty stands out. Moreover, the paper explores and discusses how a new generation derived from the implementation and intervention of technology gets involved as an essential characteristic in the relations between the members of society.     

Affective capitalism,humanitarianism and extractivism in Colombia: old and new borders for future times

Contemporary Colombian conjuncture encompasses two dynamics. These incorporate social, economic, political and cultural aspects, whose related rationalities are yet to be mapped out and understood in their complex and multi-layered dimensions and registers. On the one hand, as I will explain throughout the text, we have been witness to on-going peace talks between the government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia guerrilla group, a whole set of practices of forgiveness, inaugurations of memory museums, the passing of the victims and land restitution law, as well as the recognition of victims and the effervescence of their movements and organizations. These factors have spiralled victims’ demonstrations and fuelled marches all over the country. On the other hand, there are increased rates of foreign investment in those regions that, until as little as a decade ago, were subject to appalling rates of internal displacement, massacres and disappearances, and which now constitute new borders where global capitalism has been able to reconfigure and increase its rates of capital accumulation. In this article, I analyse the processes referred to above and their complex relationships from the vantage point of a cultural studies interrogation of the affective and the popular, focusing on two Colombian regions: Montes de María and Mapiripán. My goal is to understand how different groups and actors are experiencing these processes in their everyday lives. Here, I include victims and their organizations but also government officials and entrepreneurs related to agro-industry initiatives – mentioned below – today refashioned within the new mantra of corporate responsibility. I want to understand the issue of where people are located and what they are doing, facing, consuming, or resisting in terms of these new challenges. Finally, I wish to offer an analytical study that can capture the everyday textures of these processes in a complex and concrete fashion.     

李渔的人生哲学与话本创作

李渔宣称"行乐第一",是一个享乐主义者,他的人生哲学直接影响小说人物的性格与行为,操纵小说情节的发展与结局。李渔认为"行乐之地,首数房中",他一生广置姬妾,笔下人物大多妻妾成群。其性爱观念主要考虑男人的利益,婚恋小说要求女人无条件地顺从男人。李渔对居室、园亭颇有研究,一生三次修建别业。他把自己置造园亭的绝技与雅好移植到了人物身上,并已明确意识到人物身份、性格与居住环境的关系。李渔出生于商人家庭,具有良好的商业意识与经营能力,晚年转型为文化商人。他笔下的正面人物,都是靠忠厚起家,凭仁慈发迹,赚钱后享受生活,仗义疏财,决不当守财奴。     

高校招生、培养、就业相关性研究

从高等教育的发展规律看,招生、培养和就业是互相关联、互相影响的。随着毕业生就业的市场化及高等教育的大众化,高校培养的人才与社会需要脱节的问题逐渐暴露出来,影响到高校的生存和发展。为此,高校要准确定位,加强市场研究,做好人才需求预测,科学制订招生计划;加强师资队伍建设,创新人才培养模式,提高培养质量;建立全方位的就业体系,加强思想政治教育,做到招生、培养、就业并举,培养适应经济建设和社会发展需要的毕业生。     

论明清世情小说的宗教文化与婚丧习俗

明清世情小说以描写日常生活为主要特点,其中蕴含了丰富的文化内涵,在一定程度上可补经史之不足,《金瓶梅》与《红楼梦》堪为其中代表.二书中涉及宗教文化的描写带有鲜明的世俗化倾向,反映出当时民间信仰与实用功利的关系,同时塑造了不少逐利鄙俗的师尼僧道形象,亦是当时释道逐渐衰落的真实写照.而与人物家庭相关的婚丧习俗也是小说的重要组成部分,书中各种形态的婚事描写、完整周详的丧礼叙述等,均反映出明清时期真实的社会风气.     

论晚清小说类型的近现代转型

晚清小说的类型很多,既有中国传统的小说类型,又有引进西方的新类型。文章对其中主要类型如文言小说、白话小说、传奇弹词(小说)、政治小说、侦探小说、科学小说、短篇小说、理想派和写实派小说等作了历史探讨,并从总体上对晚清小说的类型规范性作了简要评论,同时阐释了小说类型产生的意义。     

《红楼梦》英译与中国文化传递

<红楼梦>英译工作始于1830年,至1986年结束,大致可分为四个翻译期:即发轫期、断残期、编译期和全译期.文化传递也从无到有,从部分到全面.本文着重分析一个编译本和两个全译本,指出中国文化传递的真正开始是以王际真的编译本为标志,而杨译本和霍译本则采用各种翻译策略全面传递了中国文化.     

高校新生职业生涯规划教育的理论思考

高校新生是接受高等教育的起始人群,从源头开展职业生涯规划教育是高校关怀学生发展,重视学生就业的必要举措。当前,高校新生在职业生涯规划中,存在着高考专业填报与未来就业缺少链接、对就业前景关注度不高、生涯规划意识淡薄以及高校开设的职业生涯规划课程缺乏针对性与实效性的问题。对此,新生职业生涯规划教育需应用帕金森的人—职匹配理论、霍兰德的职业性向论和舒伯的生涯发展阶段论,帮助学生建立终身发展思想,抚平新生不良情绪和态度;全程渗透职业生涯规划理念,培养新生的职业生涯规划意识;注重大学新生职业生涯规划教育的针对性与尝试功能。     

行政处罚听证基本原则之解析

行政行为具有单方意志性特征,容易对当事人利益造成损害,因此其实施必须遵循一定的制度要求。而听证作为行政处罚制度的重要内容,对于防止行政机关滥用职权,加强当事人参与程度,保护公民合法权益,提高行政效率起到了积极作用。我国虽然已经建立了听证制度．但从目前来看,还有很多不足,因此必须从完善行证处罚听证基本原则入手,来重构我国行政处罚听证制度。