母乳喂养也不安全

【正】母乳一直被视为天然的完美食品,倘若我们给母乳贴上成分标签,上面大概会列出:脂肪(4%),维生素A、C、E、K,糖分,主要的矿物质,蛋白质,酶类和免疫抗体。母乳中几乎囊括了专家建议婴儿成长所需的所有成分,还有一些神秘成分可以帮助孩子在一生中抵御从糖尿病到癌症的各种疾病。     

Commentary

It is a privilege to be invited by your editor to comment upon Mrs. Chamberlain's excellent paper. Her finding that the typology has potential for use in the process of objectifying student evaluation is naturally of great interest to me. Most educators would agree that we are very much in need of a firmer base for objective evaluation, especially in the area of field performance. I find myself in complete agreement with Mrs. Chamberlain's interpretations of her findings as presented in her article. To begin with one of the statements in her concluding paragraph, I would support wholeheartedly her opinion that objective measurements are no substitute for “an evaluation arrived at in collaboration with the student in a supportive supervisory relationship”. This, however, in no way lessens the importance of underpinning such an evaluation with as much objective data as possible.     

Contemporary issues for caseworkers 1

Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Habib Davanloo, ed. (New York: Jason Aronson, 1980.)

Sunday Came Early This Week. Luleen S. Anderson. (Cambridge, MA: Schenckman Publishing Company, 1982.)

Borderline and Other Self Disorders: A Developmental and Object Relations Perspective. Donald B. Rinsley. (New York and London: Jason Aronson, 1982.)     

A Parametric Analysis of Rehearsal Opportunities on Procedural Integrity

Behavioral skills training (BST) involves instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback. Despite its empirical support, the literature provides little to no guidance regarding the best way to implement rehearsal to ensure accurate implementation of behavioral procedures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to conduct a parametric analysis of rehearsal opportunities within a BST package. We evaluated the effects of 1, 3, and 10 rehearsals with feedback on correct implementation of functional analysis (FA). Regardless of the number of rehearsals, 18 undergraduate participants effectively learned to implement FA conditions. The most efficient training involved the use of single rehearsals with feedback until meeting mastery criterion. Participants maintained integrity during a follow-up session and rated the use of rehearsal as highly acceptable.     

Assessing and Increasing Staff Preference for Job Tasks Using Concurrent-Chains Schedules and Probabilistic Outcomes

The assessment and improvement of staff members' subjective valuation of nonpreferred work tasks may be one way to increase the quality of staff members' work life. The Task Enjoyment Motivation Protocol (Green, Reid, Passante, &; Canipe, 2008 Green, C. W., Reid, D. H., Passante, S. and Canipe, V. 2008. Changing less-preferred duties to more-preferred: A potential strategy for improving supervisor work enjoyment. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 28: 90–109. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) provides a process for supervisors to identify the aversive qualities of nonpreferred job tasks. Through participative management, the process reduces these aversive qualities while increasing the appetitive properties via the pairing of these tasks with enjoyable consequences. The present study provides an extension of Green et al.'s work through utilization of a concurrent-chains schedule arrangement via the pairing of reinforcing consequences with a target job task using probabilistic outcomes to directly assess job task preferences for eight direct support staff in a human service organization.     

An Evaluation of Training Procedures for Animal Shelter Volunteers

This study evaluated the effects of 3 training procedures on the correct implementation of a dog walking and enrichment protocol (DWEP). During the shelter’s typical training, volunteers correctly implemented just over half of all DWEP steps (M = 55.2%). Correct implementation of the DWEP procedure improved when participants completed a video-based self-training package (M = 75.3%) but did not reach the preestablished mastery criterion of 85% fidelity with 0 safety errors. Correct implementation improved during coaching (M = 90.6%), which consisted of modeling and positive and corrective feedback, and was maintained during 1-week and 1-month follow-up probes. Criterion performance was demonstrated by 2 of 3 participants at the conclusion of the study.     

母乳喂养也不安全

正母乳一直被视为天然的完美食品,倘若我们给母乳贴上成分标签,上面大概会列出:脂肪(4%),维生素A、C、E、K,糖分,主要的矿物质,蛋白质,酶类和免疫抗体。母乳中几乎囊括了专家建议婴儿成长所需的所有成分,还有一些神秘成分可以帮助孩子在一生中抵御从糖尿病到癌症的各种疾病。     

Validity of the Cognitive Style Index: Replication and Extension

Allinson and Hayes (1996) in the reporting of a new measure, the Cognitive Style Index , made a plea for replication and extension of their work. Using a sample of over one thousand subjects the present study investigated the CSI Õs construct and concurrent validity. A maximum likelihood factor analysis obtained broadly similar results to those of Allinson and Hayes. No relationship was observed between the CSI and an alternative measure of style (the Cognitive Styles Analysis ). It is argued that cognitive style is independent of gender but that style is related to job level (lower scores were associated with increased seniority). Some evidence was presented which suggests there may be differences in cognitive style between Hong Kong and UK small business owner managers     

Social Networks and Individual Perceptions: Explaining Differential Participation in Social Movements

This paper seeks to explain differential participation in social movements. It does so by attempting to bridge structural-level and individual-level explanations. We test a number of hypotheses drawn from the social networks and the rationalist perspectives on individual engagement by means of survey data on members of a major organization of the Swiss solidarity movement. Both perspectives find empirical support: the intensity of participation depends both on the embeddedness in social networks and on the individual perceptions of participation, that is, the evaluation of a number of cognitive parameters related to engagement. In particular, to be recruited by an activist and the perceived effectiveness of one's own potential contribution are the best predictors of differential participation. We specify the role of networks for social movements by looking at the nature and content of networks and by distinguishing between three basic functions of networks: structurally connecting prospective participants to an opportunity to participate, socializing them to a protest issue, and shaping their decision to become involved. The latter function implies that the embeddedness in social networks significantly affects the individual perceptions of participation.     

Controlling motherhood: observations on the culture of the La Leche League*

Les arguments de cet article sont avant tout méthodologiques: que les caractéristiques distinctives d'un groupe peuvent être identifiees grâce à une analyse de ses activités de controle social; et qu'un examen des comportements de contrôle d'un groupe devrait commencer par l'étude de sa culture avec une attention particulière pour sa problématique centrale. Des éléments à l'intérieur de la culture d'un groupe contiennent des sources importantes de contrôle du comportement et contribuent à la nature de l'ordre social à l'intérieur de ce groupe. C'est dans la culture que des sanctions normales et des limitations de ces sanctions sont soit déduites, soit explicitement articulées. Le mode d'analyse est illustre par l'étude de la culture de la Ligue La Lèche, une organisation d'auto-assistance pour les femmes qui souhaitent alaiter leurs bébés au sein. L'article conclut que le succès de la ligue à encourager ses membres à s'adapter à un style de vie substantiellement plus coûteux peut être attribuer à quelques caractéristiques importantes du contenu de son problème central et son articultation avec d'autres aspects de la culture. Les données analysées proviennent des publications de la Ligue La Lèche, d'observations de participants aux réunions de la Ligue et d'interviews avec des membres de la Ligue. Le site de recherche est Ottawa, en Ontario. The arguments of this paper are primarily methodological: that distinguishing characteristics of a group can be identified through an analysis of its social control activities; and that an examination of a group's control behaviours should begin with a study of its culture, with special attention to its central problematic. Elements within the culture of a group contain important sources of behavioural control and contribute to the nature of the social order within that group. It is within the culture that normal sanctions, and limitations upon sanctions are either inferred or are explicitly articulated. The mode of analysis is illustrated through the study of the culture of the La Leche League, a self-help organization for women who want to breastfeed their babies. The paper concludes that the League's success in encouraging its members to adapt a lifestyle with substantial costs can be attributed to some important characteristics of the content of its central problem and its articulation with other aspects of the culture. The data analyzed come from La Leche League publications; participant observation at League meetings; and interviews with League members. The research site is Ottawa, Ontario.