中国留英博士毕业生的社会流动

近年来,中国高等教育国际化的脚步越来越快,出国留学和留学归国人数逐年增长。基于一手访谈数据,探究海外博士教育是否能带给海归博士带来预期的职业发展和社会流动,并分析出海归博士归国工作后的社会流动到底呈现出什么样的特征。深入地研究了海归博士的社会流动的影响因素以及国家留学基金委奖学金在其中的作用。研究发现,海归博士的社会流动性比较小,大部分的海归博士都守住了原有的中产阶级社会地位,并没有取得很明显的向上流动;关于社会流动的影响因素,奖学金和家庭背景在博士海归归国后的社会流动中扮演重要角色。     

利用非齐次指数函数构造GM(1,1)模型背景值的新方法

文章以灰色GM(1,1)模型背景值的优化为研究目的,讨论了传统背景值构造方法适用于低增长指数序列、对高增长指数序列拟合产生滞后误差的原因,提出了利用非齐次指数函数x(1)(t):A.eBt+C在区间[k-1,k]上与横坐标轴所围实际面积来构造背景值的新方法,并对其合理性进行了证明;在不同发展系数a条件下,比较了背景值构造方法对模拟和预测精度的影响,给出了新背景值条件下GM(1,1)模型的适用范围;大量的数据模拟和模型比较表明,新背景值构造方法提高了背景值的精确性及灰预测模型的拟合精度和预测精度.     

不完全数据多重插补的Bootstrap方差估计

当对插补所得的“完整数据集”使用标准的完全数据统计方法的时候,往往会低估插补估计量的方差.Bootstrap方法(自助法)是非参数统计中的一种重要的统计方法,是基于原始观测数据进行重复抽样,能充分的利用已知数据,不需要对未知总体进行任何的分布假设或增加新的样本信息,进而再利用现有的统计模型对总体的分布特性进行统计推断.本文首先运用多重插补的方法对缺失数据进行了插补,之后利用Bootstrap方法对插补之后的数据进行了插补统计量的方差估计,结果表明运用Bootstrap方法进行插补统计量的方差估计更科学更准确.     

Statistical modeling for Bayesian extrapolation of adult clinical trial information in pediatric drug evaluation

Children represent a large underserved population of “therapeutic orphans,” as an estimated 80% of children are treated off‐label. However, pediatric drug development often faces substantial challenges, including economic, logistical, technical, and ethical barriers, among others. Among many efforts trying to remove these barriers, increased recent attention has been paid to extrapolation; that is, the leveraging of available data from adults or older age groups to draw conclusions for the pediatric population. The Bayesian statistical paradigm is natural in this setting, as it permits the combining (or “borrowing”) of information across disparate sources, such as the adult and pediatric data. In this paper, authored by the pediatric subteam of the Drug Information Association Bayesian Scientific Working Group and Adaptive Design Working Group, we develop, illustrate, and provide suggestions on Bayesian statistical methods that could be used to design improved pediatric development programs that use all available information in the most efficient manner. A variety of relevant Bayesian approaches are described, several of which are illustrated through 2 case studies: extrapolating adult efficacy data to expand the labeling for Remicade to include pediatric ulcerative colitis and extrapolating adult exposure‐response information for antiepileptic drugs to pediatrics.     

Inequality in Social Insurance Participation and Generosity: Do Firm Characteristics Matter?

Income inequality in China has been much documented and debated. However, one important aspect of income inequality – social insurance inequality – has been largely understudied. We use a large national panel of firm data to examine the possible influence of various firm characteristics on the inequalities in social insurance participation and generosity in the period 2004–07. Our findings reveal substantial ownership sector and regional gaps in social insurance provision by firms, with the private domestic sector and those in the central region lagging behind. Unionized firms, larger firms, and firms with greater market shares also tend to provide better social insurance to their employees. While being an exporting firm is linked with greater social insurance participation and generosity, being a purely exporting firm, however, is associated with reduced social insurance generosity. Lastly, highly educated workers receive substantially better social insurance coverage than their less educated peers. These social insurance inequalities are highly relevant as China pushes forward with establishing a unified social insurance system across urban‐rural boundaries, ownership sectors and industries.     

异质性产品质量与出口加成率

相对于已有研究分析生产率、目的市场选择和市场竞争等因素对出口加成率影响的视角,本文采用2000-2007年企业层面数据测算了28个细分制造业出口产品质量指数及按照会计方法处理的出口加成率,对中国制造业行业产品质量与出口价格加成率的关系进行实证分析.研究结果表明:出口加成率总体并没有随产品质量而提升,但影响因产品质量的异质性而存在差异,劳动密集型制造业出口产品质量显著提高了加成率,而技术和资本密集型产业仍处于阶段性“加成率陷阱”.     

Control‐based imputation for sensitivity analyses in informative censoring for recurrent event data

In clinical trials, missing data commonly arise through nonadherence to the randomized treatment or to study procedure. For trials in which recurrent event endpoints are of interests, conventional analyses using the proportional intensity model or the count model assume that the data are missing at random, which cannot be tested using the observed data alone. Thus, sensitivity analyses are recommended. We implement the control‐based multiple imputation as sensitivity analyses for the recurrent event data. We model the recurrent event using a piecewise exponential proportional intensity model with frailty and sample the parameters from the posterior distribution. We impute the number of events after dropped out and correct the variance estimation using a bootstrap procedure. We apply the method to an application of sitagliptin study.     

Linguistic instrumentalism and national language policy in Mainland China’s state print media coverage of the Protecting Cantonese Movement

This article examines the Chinese government’s use of the print media to justify the national language policy and address individuals’ concerns about the vitality of regional varieties of the Chinese language (i.e., Cantonese) in its coverage of the Protecting Cantonese Movement (July 2010) in Guangzhou. The analysis revealed that the Chinese government adopted a relatively reconciliatory response to the Movement, which apparently contested the relevant language policy. However, the media texts maintained the national policy of promoting Putonghua as inviolable, whereas they assigned Cantonese the role of the carrier of cultural tradition and stressed that the rise or fall of particular regional language depended on regional socioeconomic developments. Such media discussions showed that the state carefully managed relevant discussions about the vitality of regional Chinese varieties within the discursive space defined by legalistic, cultural, and socioeconomic development discourses. These discursive boundaries reflect the dominance of linguistic instrumentalism in the Chinese government’s language policymaking.     

生命价值视角下农村留守老人的供养制度

农村留守老人的供养制度主要包括以种植或养殖为基础的自我供养、以晚辈支撑为基础的后代供养和以福利支持为基础的社会供养.对中国留守老人而言,“居家养老”仍会是未来一段时间符合乡村现实的养老方式.目前,“居家养老”所依靠的自我供养和后代供养逐渐呈现衰微的趋势,社会供养也十分有限.文章通过对留守老人社会角色的重新认知,可以发现他们并非“废弃的生命”,而是乡村重要的根基.立基于留守老人生命价值的供养制度应当包含:基于“分享”理念的福利制度,使留守老人从社会财富中分得应有份额;基于“大健康”理念的医疗制度,对留守老人的健康进行防微杜渐式关照;以“自下而上”理念为基础的文化制度,使留守老人真正获得精神喜乐.     

非主流主流化:大学生兼职的社会学分析

社会发展、学校改革、家庭贫困、个人原因等使大学生兼职由非主流化走向主流化,甚至庸俗化。大学生兼职的动机由锻炼自己变为养活自己,在社会贬低大学生与大学生自我贬低的双重打压下,大学生兼职主流化、庸俗化不可避免,这要求社会、学校与家庭认真对待大学生兼职主流化、庸俗化问题,积极引导大学生兼职,防止因为兼职所带来的负面影响制约大学生成长与进步。