Statistical measurement of the inventory shortage cost

In searching for the optimal inventory control policy, the objective is to minimize the expected total costs related, of which the shortage cost is an important element. Due to the difficulty in calculating the indirect cost of the loss of goodwill resulted from the shortage, practitioners and researchers often simply assume a fixed penalty cost on the inventory shortage or switch to the alternative method by assigning a specific customer service level. The development of an appropriate tool for measuring the shortage cost can help a business control the total costs and improve the productivity more effectively. This paper proposes probabilistic measurements of the shortage cost, based on mathematical relationship between the cost and the shortage amount. The derived closed-form estimates of the expected shortage cost value can then be applied to support the determination of the optimal inventory control policy.     

河南省大学生自主创业的现状与对策分析

面对严峻的就业形势,大学生自主创业已成为拓宽高校毕业生就业渠道的重要途径。分析了当前河南省大学生自主创业的现状,进而提出了促进河南省大学生自主创业的对策:转变传统的就业观念;政府要优化创业环境;提高大学生综合素质能力;高校要加强创业教育。     

论我国当前加强和改善社会组织建设的关键环节

社会组织的发展及其功能的充分发挥对于我国社会主义和谐社会建设具有重要作用,应大力促进社会组织的发展。但我国社会组织发展还存在很多不足和问题,主要问题一方面是其内部资源能力不足,另一方面是其管理和监督机制不完善。为了促进社会组织的发展,应进一步厘清对社会组织的认识,转变对社会组织态度,并抓住重点大力推动社会组织的建设与发展。为此,从四个方面讨论了当前大力发展社会组织的意义,提出了应该从四个方面进一步转变对发展社会组织的态度和观念,在此基础上提出并论证了当前我国应如何在体制机制建设、能力建设和管理体系建设三个重要方面加强和改善社会组织建设。     

论北京“城中村”改造——兼述流动人口聚居区合作治理

2009年以来北京开始进行大规模的城中村改造。这场由政府主导的乡村社会变革,对城乡结合部流动人口聚居区产生了重要影响。本文在概括北京城中村改造模式的基础上,对城中村改造的作用给予了积极评价,同时指出城中村改造周边地区可能面临更深的发展困境,应通过合作治理寻求解决城乡结合部流动人口聚居区社会问题的治理之道。目前北京已经具备了实现流动人口聚居区合作治理的基本条件,可以在市区政府是主导、乡村组织是枢纽、社区成员是核心、社会团体和社会单位(企业)是支撑、专业NGO是助推器的合作治理框架下,以生活设施改造和社会管理体制创新为突破口,统筹兼顾尚待城市化地区的协调发展。     

大学生性别角色群体对同性恋态度的研究

同性恋是当今社会无法回避且必须正视的问题之一,高校校园中的同性恋状况更值得关注。对1288名大学生的调查发现,大学生中的未分化角色和双性化角色比例较高,大学生群体的性别角色与其对同性恋的态度具有一定关联性。同性恋在高校校园具有一定的比例,但大学生对同性恋的态度总体比较客观和宽容,同时也发现现有性别教育不能满足现实需要,应该通过防艾知识教育、心理健康教育、性别角色教育加强大学生的性别教育。     

The Human Capital Model of Selection and Immigrant Economic Outcomes

This article examines the trends in the economic advantage that highly educated immigrants hold over less educated immigrants in Canada, focusing on the differences between short‐run and longer‐run outcomes. Using data from the Longitudinal Immigration Database covering the period from the 1980s to the 2000s, this study finds that the relative entry earnings advantage that higher education provides to new immigrants has decreased dramatically over the last 30 years. However, university‐educated immigrants had a much steeper earnings trajectory than immigrants with trades or a high school education. The earnings advantage among highly educated immigrants increases significantly with time spent in Canada. This pattern is observed for virtually all immigrant classes and arrival cohorts. The results suggest that short‐run economic outcomes of immigrants are not good predictors of longer‐run results, at least by educational attainment. The implications of these findings for immigration selection policy are discussed in the conclusion.     

Zero-inflated models for adjusting varying exposures: a cautionary note on the pitfalls of using offset

Zero-inflated count data are frequently encountered in public health and epidemiology research. Two-parts model is often used to model the excessive zeros, which are a mixture of two components: a point mass at zero and a count distribution, such as a Poisson distribution. When the rate of events per unit exposure is of interest, offset is commonly used to account for the varying extent of exposure, which is essentially a predictor whose regression coefficient is fixed at one. Such an assumption of exposure effect is, however, quite restrictive for many practical problems. Further, for zero-inflated models, offset is often only included in the count component of the model. However, the probability of excessive zero component could also be affected by the amount of ‘exposure’. We, therefore, proposed incorporating the varying exposure as a covariate rather than an offset term in both the probability of excessive zeros and conditional counts components of the zero-inflated model. A real example is used to illustrate the usage of the proposed methods, and simulation studies are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed methods for a broad variety of situations.     

网络政工：高校思想政治教育的新挑战

网络时代给思想政治工作带来全方位的挑战与深刺的变革，也给思想政治工作开辟了广阔的空间。新时期高校的思想政治工作者不能不懂网络，也不能远离网络。王不能无视网络。而应谊了解井掌握网络，探索网络政工的特点厦规律，运用网络这一载体传播真理，净化心灵，让思想政治工作走进一个新境界。     

美国印第安文化的动物伦理意蕴

美国印第安文化是被西方殖民主义势力所瓦解的原生文化形态.大量的人类学资料表明,美国印第安文化敬畏生命的自然宗教传统造就了人与动物和谐相处的关系模式.各部族的神话传说、仪式庆典和狩猎生活习俗皆表达了印第安人崇尚动物灵性的神圣感受力和善待众生的生态道德信念.以美国印第安文化为例追溯已经消逝的生态文化传统,可为我们批判现代文化的人类中心主义倾向,消解人与动物关系的异化结构,实现人类与地球其他生命形态的协同繁荣提供有益的价值参照.     

社会秩序类型探析

对社会秩序的类型进行分析,有助于我们更深刻地理解和揭示社会秩序的本质.从不同的视角和标准出发,可以对社会秩序作不同的类型划分.区分等级秩序和平等秩序、单极秩序和多极秩序、自发秩序和人为秩序等几种有重要意义的社会秩序类型,有助于从社会哲学的层面上理解社会秩序的本质.