生物多样性、传统管理制度与文化景观:以加拿大的泰加林为例

生物多样性的保护,与原住/传统民族利用土地及资源的文化实践存在关联。为了保护生物多样性,我们需要了解,这些文化如何与景观相互影响,以及它们如何以有助于生态系统持续更新的方式塑造景观。本文考察了传统知识和传统管理制度的重要性,以及它们所蕴含的在保护生物多样性方面的意义。我们首先介绍了一种至关重要的传统生态实践:自然演替管理,尤其是利用火而实施的自然演替管理。接下来,我们研究了加拿大北部地区的泰加林生态系统中原住居民——主要是安大略西北部的奥吉布瓦人——利用火进行自然演替管理的例子。他们的传统实践与文化景观,促成了时间和空间上的生物多样性,并提供了保护生物多样性机制的范例。向传统管理制度学习,这对拓宽生物多样性保护目标非常重要;这些目标能帮助当地人获得可持续的谋生手段。在保护传统价值和支撑当地人维生需要的诸多景观中,文化景观这种透镜,为理解何以在可持续的森林管理中多重目标(木材生产、非木材林产品、保护区和旅游)最为重要,提供了一种机制。使用更为宽泛、包容更广的保护定义和设定多重性、综合性的目标,有助于协调当地人维生需要和生物多样性保护之间的关系。     

现代国际贸易理论中的国内和国际规模收益

在二战后的国际贸易中,工业化国家之间的制造业产品的交易量巨大,这种产业内贸易现象的出现,在一定程度上对传统的赫克歇尔-俄林-萨缪尔逊贸易模型产生了冲击和质疑。经济学家从多个角度寻求对这种现象的理论解释,并开始注意产品差别化及其对规模经济的影响,但是,这些研究对贸易理论的影响很小,并且解释现实的能力也很弱。因此,把差别化的生产资料作为研究的重点,在国际收益的框架下,建立模型以推出国际规模收益,并且运用这一模型得出了国际规模收益、传统的国内规模收益和要素禀赋论之间的关系。     

从主权与无条件性看德里达的“整体性他者”

文章通过阐发德里达对所谓"主权"和"无条件性"所作的区分,探讨了德里达的"整体性他者"观念,指出理解这一观念是赞同德里达的信仰表白的基础。作者指出,德里达的演现性言语行为是对其所谓的"整体性他者"之呼唤的一种回应。     

创业家的5种态度

我们可以通过模仿成功创业家的五个核心态度来理解根本的企业问题,从而点亮创业之旅。     

《西伯利亚的萨满教》一书评介

《西伯利亚的萨满教》(Shamanism in Sibe-ria)一书,由 V·狄奥斯泽吉(Vilmos Diószegi)和 M·霍帕尔(M·Hoppál)编著,S·西蒙自俄文和匈牙利文译出,1978年布达佩斯匈牙利科学院出版,英国科利斯(Collets)出版公司发行。据这本饶有兴味的图书介绍,在欧亚大陆北部以及中亚和北美诸民族中,作为“人类和精神世界之间的占卜者、巫医和请神者”的萨满的存在是一     

苏丹的因加萨纳人

因加萨纳人(或称塔比塔人)是苏丹许多部族之一,约有三万人,居住在苏丹东南与埃塞俄比亚相邻的青尼罗省北纬10°—12°的地方。因加萨纳人昔日曾是勇敢的武士,今天仍是其主权、尊严、习俗以及独特生活方式的忠诚捍卫者。起源因加萨纳人几乎是一个没有历史的民族。包括他们自己在内没有人知道他们     

Opportunities for woman-initiated HIV prevention methods among female sex workers in southern China

Rapid changes in China over the past two decades have led to significant problems associated with population migration and changing social attitudes, including a growing sex industry and concurrent increases in STIs and HIV. This article reports results of an exploratory study of microbicide acceptability and readiness and current HIV prevention efforts among female sex workers in two rural and one urban town in Hainan and Guangxi Provinces in southern China. The study focused on these women's knowledge and cultural understandings of options for protecting themselves from exposure to STIs and HIV, and the potential viability and acceptability of woman-initiated prevention methods. We report on ethnographic elicitation interviews conducted with women working within informal sex-work establishments (hotels, massage and beauty parlors, roadside restaurants, boarding houses). We discuss implications of these findings for further promotion of woman-initiated prevention methods such as microbicides and female condoms among female sex workers in China.     

Contraceptive use patterns within females' first sexual relationships: the role of relationships, partners, and methods

This study used the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to assess whether characteristics of females' sexual partners, relationships, and choice of contraceptive methods were associated with contraceptive use patterns within their first sexual relationship. White, black, and Hispanic females under age 25 (N=915) provided retrospective information on sexual activity and contraceptive use for first sexual relationships that occurred between 1991 and 1995. Females with older sexual partners and with same race/ethnicity partners (among Hispanics) had reduced odds of ever using contraception and/or uninterrupted use. Longer sexual relationships were associated with higher odds of ever using contraception but lower odds of uninterrupted use. Females who were older at first sex, who used hormonal methods (among whites), or who switched to more effective methods during their first sexual relationships had higher odds of ever using contraception and/or uninterrupted use. In contrast, switching to less effective methods during a first sexual relationship was associated with reduced odds of uninterrupted use.     

Effects of a single-lesson tobacco prevention curriculum on knowledge, skill identification and smoking intention

One in five students report experimenting with tobacco before the age of 13 and most prevention efforts take place in the school setting. This study measures the effect of a single-lesson tobacco prevention curriculum, conducted by a health education center, focusing on knowledge of tobacco, ability to identify refusal techniques, and intent not to smoke. Data were collected, via electronic keypads, from students visiting a non-school, health education center in Michigan (n = 704 intervention and 85 comparison). Contingency table Chi-squared tests and t-tests demonstrated that a single lesson can improve general knowledge and ability to identify appropriate refusal techniques. Improvement in intent not to smoke was not significant because both groups had very high intent prior to implementation. Similar to results from other programs, multivariate logistic regression of gender, general knowledge, and skill identification revealed that only the skill variable was associated with intent not to smoke at pretest. Recommendations are given for further research and for designing more effective curricula or programs.     

Characteristics of children in residential treatment in New York State

This study addresses three questions about the population of children and families served in the highest level of care in the child welfare system in New York State residential treatment centers (RTCs): (1) How prevalent are emotional and behavioral problems in the youth entering RTCs? (2) Has the proportion of youth with such problems increased compared to 10 years ago? (3) Are there identifiable subgroups of youth entering RTCs? One-fourth of RTC admissions in fiscal year 2001 were randomly selected from a representative sample of 16 RTCs. The study completed a standardized data collection instrument based on a review of agency records, and included information that was known at the time each child was admitted. The results show significant increases compared to t10 years earlier in the proportion of youth with mental health problems and juvenile justice backgrounds. The findings suggest that youth who traditionally have been served by other systems of care are now being served in the child welfare system. The increased treatment needs of these youth and the heterogeneity of the RTC population have important implications for policies, programs, and practice.