“大一统”视域下的清朝边疆文化——以桐城桂林方氏家族遣戍宁古塔为例

桐城桂林方氏家族是明清时期典型的仕宦诗礼之家，其族人仕途显赫，珍视忠孝节义，在哲学、自然科学、文学等领域成就斐然。明清鼎革之际，方氏族人对清政权多持抵抗及不合作的态度。方氏父子在遣戍途中和遣戍地勤于著述，不仅记录了其生活经历和心路历程，而且留下了当时东北地区自然生态和社会民俗等方面的宝贵记录。他们还与吴兆骞等流人交往唱和，对边疆文化的提升和内地人民了解边疆文化发挥了重要作用。本文通过解读其诗文，分析其心态，指出其对东北边疆文化的贡献，及对清代“大一统”的实践认知。     

微格教学中小组讨论的功能及实现方法

微格教学是提升教师技能的有效方式。小组讨论作为微格教学过程的必要环节,有助于促进学生主体性的实现。然而,小组讨论环节中存在评价标准不明确,成员参与度有待提高,小组讨论实效性有待提高等诸多问题,应通过构建相关考查量表体系,构建协作式小组讨论体系,创新小组讨论评价途径等方法,更好地促进小组讨论功能在微格教学中的发挥。     

Assessing Participation and Effectiveness of the Peer-Led Approach in Youth Sexual Health Education: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in More Developed Countries

Sexual health education for young people is crucial not only for development of norms but also for protection against vulnerabilities during this stage in life. Although several systematic reviews have examined the effectiveness of peer-led sex education, none have focused on the extent of peer participation. The purpose of this review was to evaluate peer-led sexual health education interventions in more developed countries (MDCs). Electronic and manual searches across five social science, education, and medical databases were conducted. Fifteen articles were selected in total. Most (10 of 15) studies gave low or no responsibility to peers. The majority of articles found improvements in sexual health knowledge (13 of 14) and attitudes (11 of 15) at postintervention stages. Two studies showed improved self-efficacy, and three showed behavioral changes. A preliminary synthesis of effectiveness and level of participation was done. Meta-analysis revealed a large effect on knowledge change (Hedges’ g = 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43 to 1.25) and a medium effect on attitude change (Hedges’ g = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.80). Peer-led interventions could be a powerful tool. This review shows that this approach is effective in changing knowledge and attitudes but not behaviors. Further research and action are needed to understand optimal implementation.     

黄山市音乐考级的现状调查与研究

音乐考级是对音乐能力进行的分级考试。黄山市作为皖南山城,具有浓厚的徽州文化底蕴,在当地老百姓的观念中学习艺术是旁门左道,自从十年前第一个音乐考级点建立起,至今已有三个考级单位,参与培训并获得考级证书的学员近万人。极大程度上推动了黄山市素质教育的发展,更新了老百姓的传统观念。本文通过对黄山市音乐考级现状的调查与分析,了解本市音乐考级这一机制的运行情况,总结音乐考级带来的成效以及存在的不良发展趋向,提出解决弊端的方法并对黄山市音乐考级未来发展提出建设性的建议。     

Bayesian adaptive dose‐escalation designs for simultaneously estimating the optimal and maximum safe dose based on safety and efficacy

The main purpose of dose‐escalation trials is to identify the dose(s) that is/are safe and efficacious for further investigations in later studies. In this paper, we introduce dose‐escalation designs that incorporate both the dose‐limiting events and dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) and indicative responses of efficacy into the procedure. A flexible nonparametric model is used for modelling the continuous efficacy responses while a logistic model is used for the binary DLTs. Escalation decisions are based on the combination of the probabilities of DLTs and expected efficacy through a gain function. On the basis of this setup, we then introduce 2 types of Bayesian adaptive dose‐escalation strategies. The first type of procedures, called “single objective,” aims to identify and recommend a single dose, either the maximum tolerated dose, the highest dose that is considered as safe, or the optimal dose, a safe dose that gives optimum benefit risk. The second type, called “dual objective,” aims to jointly estimate both the maximum tolerated dose and the optimal dose accurately. The recommended doses obtained under these dose‐escalation procedures provide information about the safety and efficacy profile of the novel drug to facilitate later studies. We evaluate different strategies via simulations based on an example constructed from a real trial on patients with type 2 diabetes, and the use of stopping rules is assessed. We find that the nonparametric model estimates the efficacy responses well for different underlying true shapes. The dual‐objective designs give better results in terms of identifying the 2 real target doses compared to the single‐objective designs.     

从朝日首脑会谈看两国关系的变化

朝日关系是一个特殊的双边关系。二战结束至今已近70年，冷战结束亦有20多年，但朝日两国至今仍处于敌对状态。朝鲜是日本在联合国193个成员国中唯一没有与之建交的国家。而纵观二战后朝日关系发展的历程，两国出于各自利益的需要，开始了旷日持久的邦交正常化谈判，特别是首脑会谈的实现，使得朝日关系有了长足的发展。但由于“绑架问题”、“导弹问题”、“朝鲜核问题”、“历史清算”和“战争赔款”等问题尚未解决，使得两国关系正常化道路难关重重。     

Least squares estimation of varying‐coefficient hazard regression with application to breast cancer dose‐intensity data

To enhance modeling flexibility, the authors propose a nonparametric hazard regression model, for which the ordinary and weighted least squares estimation and inference procedures are studied. The proposed model does not assume any parametric specifications on the covariate effects, which is suitable for exploring the nonlinear interactions between covariates, time and some exposure variable. The authors propose the local ordinary and weighted least squares estimators for the varying‐coefficient functions and establish the corresponding asymptotic normality properties. Simulation studies are conducted to empirically examine the finite‐sample performance of the new methods, and a real data example from a recent breast cancer study is used as an illustration. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 37: 659–674; 2009 © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada     

护工角色扮演对老年偏瘫患者康复疗效影响研究

目的 观察护工角色扮演与偏瘫患者康复疗效相关性.方法 选取62例偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组31例,对其护工进行相关知识的培训,对照组31例,治疗4周,观察两组患者治疗前后Barthel指数评定、MMSE积分评定.结果 治疗组与对照组Barthel指数、MMSE评分均有所提高,治疗组较对照组更为显著(P＜0.01).结论 对护工进行偏瘫患者日常生活照料、作业康复治疗、心理疏导等知识的培训,能很好的提高康复治疗的效果及患者的生活质量.     

贵州苗族鼓藏节仪式的人类学考察——以贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州榕江县计怀乡乌略村为例

通过田野调查对乌略苗族村鼓藏节仪式过程进行了具体的描述,分析了鼓藏节仪式的社会权利功能、社会认同功能、社群联系与娱乐功能、经济功能等基本社会功能,指出苗族鼓藏节仪式由于现代性的切入所发生的功能意义上的嬗变是文化变迁的一种必然结果.