Internal consistency of demographic assumptions in the shared socioeconomic pathways

A new set of alternative socioeconomic scenarios for climate change researches—the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)—includes for the first time a more comprehensive set of demographic conditions on population, urbanization, and education as the central scenario elements, along with other aspects of society, in order to facilitate better analyses of challenges to climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, it also raises a new question about the internal consistency of assumptions on different demographic and economic trends under each SSP. This paper examines whether the interactions between the demographic and economic factors implied by the assumptions in the SSP projections are consistent with the research literature, and whether they are consistently represented in the projection results. Our analysis shows that the interactions implied by the demographic assumptions in the SSPs are generally consistent with findings from the literature, and the majority of the assumed relationships are also evident in the projected trends. It also reveals some inconsistency issues, resulting mainly from the use of inconsistent definitions of regions and limitations in our understanding of future changes in the patterns of interactions at different stages of socioeconomic development. Finally, we offer recommendations on how to improve demographic assumptions in the extended SSPs, and how to use the projections of SSP central elements in climate change research.     

非洲国家发展特征的三个维度及其本质——以撒哈拉以南非洲国家为考察中心

在撒哈拉以南非洲国家发展进程中,非洲社会传统特质与外部世界影响的交互作用,导致了按照西式民族国家模式构建的非洲国家在发展进程中受挫。它们大多处于"前民族国家"发展阶段。这些"前民族国家"虽然具备法理主权,但却缺乏经验主权。它们是在构建"民族国家"过程中,将早期非洲的国家机构与非国家组织等融为一体所形成的产物。这些国家具有一种以"新家长制"为特点的前现代性特征,使国家权威及认同下移至家族、氏族、部落、宗教群体、地域性社群等。同时,这些国家还维持着现代民族国家的外壳,以及由非洲地区一体化所促成的"地区国际社会"。不过,现代国家与后现代国际体系都只是法理主权架构下的表象,这使得非洲国家之间的竞争压力在消解的同时,也被其内外的各种非国家行为体所消解。     

汉代统治阶层对民间信仰的限制和引导

汉代民间的鬼神祭祀并非单纯地以祈福禳灾为目的,它还包含有以祝诅等巫术伤害他人,被伤害者甚至有可能是最高统治阶层。祭祀中害人巫术的存在,无疑会对社会治安、统治阶层本身乃至统治秩序的正常运行造成影响。面对这样的挑战,汉代的统治阶层设立严刑峻法、设置祠祝官进行抵御;而统治阶层中的知识分子将先秦以来限制祭祀规模的传统理念用于现实政治,致力于革新鬼神观念、宣扬"淫祀无福",试图在思想上对民众进行引导。     

《清兵卫与葫芦》:对立之中的独立意识——兼论志贺直哉追求独立自我的轨迹

《清兵卫与葫芦》是志贺直哉早期创作的经典代表作品。众多专家学者关注该作品中所体现出来的青年志贺直哉的对立思想,对于青年志贺直哉渴望实现独立自我的人生理想之表达却有所忽略。因此,本文通过文本细读,试对处于人生对立时期的青年志贺直哉其思想中所蕴藏的独立意识进行初步分析,旨在从文学伦理观建构和嬗变的视域下,来阐明志贺直哉追求独立自我的人生思考和行动轨迹。     

Outlier detection in high-dimensional regression model

An outlier is defined as an observation that is significantly different from the others in its dataset. In high-dimensional regression analysis, datasets often contain a portion of outliers. It is important to identify and eliminate the outliers for fitting a model to a dataset. In this paper, a novel outlier detection method is proposed for high-dimensional regression problems. The leave-one-out idea is utilized to construct a novel outlier detection measure based on distance correlation, and then an outlier detection procedure is proposed. The proposed method enjoys several advantages. First, the outlier detection measure can be simply calculated, and the detection procedure works efficiently even for high-dimensional regression data. Moreover, it can deal with a general regression, which does not require specification of a linear regression model. Finally, simulation studies show that the proposed method behaves well for detecting outliers in high-dimensional regression model and performs better than some other competing methods.     

农村医疗减贫效果被低估了吗 ——来自社会空间视角的解释

将社会资本纳入Grossman健康人力资本理论模型,结合灾难性医疗支出概念并构建农村保障社会医疗间接减贫框架,再利用空间Tobit杜宾模型和2014年中国家庭跟踪调查数据(CFPS)对理论假说进行检验.结果表明:(1)农村保障制度对单个家庭医疗减贫作用不显著,但是其通过社区社会空间产生的溢出效应不容忽视.处于同一农村社区社会空间的其他拥有保障的家庭更愿意为病贫家庭给予经济援助,农村保障的医疗减贫溢出效果显著,并且农村社区家庭之间社会空间关系越紧密越有助于医疗减贫溢出效应有效发挥.(2)地缘关系和社会关系对农村医疗减贫的调节作用需要一定的社区收入水平支撑,而且随着大病医疗保险对农村家庭医疗致贫风险分散能力的提高,该调节效应也在不断增强.     

Diagnostics for quasi-likelihood nonlinear models

Quasi-likelihood nonlinear models (QLNMs) are an extension of generalized linear model and include a widen class of models as special cases. This article investigates some diagnostic methods in QLNMs. An equivalency between a case-deletion model and a mean-shift outlier model in QLNM is established. Two simulation study and a real dataset are used to illustrate the proposed diagnostic methods.     

"三不朽"图赞与"速朽"《阿Q正传》的文脉勾连

张岱晚年所著《於越有明三不朽图赞》,以图像加赞辞的形式,辑录了绍兴有明一代先贤的事迹,汇成人物传记式圣贤画谱.鲁迅家藏该著作珍本,曾于1912、1913年两次补绘插图,补足跋语,周建人抄录赞文,鲁迅又两次购藏此书三册,以表达对绍兴先贤和文学前辈的敬意.本文是学界首次整理鲁迅补录手迹,赏析鲁迅唯一存世手绘圣贤人物画像,基于"三不朽"的儒教内涵,赞文体裁的文学性,鲁迅对张岱文章史著风格的传承,勾连"反圣贤"的白话小说《阿Q正传》,于此个案回溯流转的文脉深处,论证所谓"沉默期"鲁迅钞校古籍与新文学创作之间的对话关系.     

Composite quantile regression for massive datasets

Analysis of massive datasets is challenging owing to limitations of computer primary memory. Composite quantile regression (CQR) is a robust and efficient estimation method. In this paper, we extend CQR to massive datasets and propose a divide-and-conquer CQR method. The basic idea is to split the entire dataset into several blocks, applying the CQR method for data in each block, and finally combining these regression results via weighted average. The proposed approach significantly reduces the required amount of primary memory, and the resulting estimate will be as efficient as if the entire data set is analysed simultaneously. Moreover, to improve the efficiency of CQR, we propose a weighted CQR estimation approach. To achieve sparsity with high-dimensional covariates, we develop a variable selection procedure to select significant parametric components and prove the method possessing the oracle property. Both simulations and data analysis are conducted to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed methods.     

城市退休低龄老年人健康状况对自身劳动参与的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查问卷数据1

健康是影响老年人继续从事劳动的重要因素,并且随着老龄化社会的发展而日渐凸显。分析了从2001年中国进入老龄化社会以来的城市退休低龄老人的情况,根据中国健康与养老追踪调查问卷的数据,从健康的角度考察了女性55岁到65岁,男性60岁到65岁这部分的城市退休低龄老年人,按照总体以及分性别、女性的分年龄段三个角度探究所选取的社会健康状况、一般健康状况和疾病史、生活方式和健康行为、身体功能障碍以及精神和心理等五大类健康指标对样本老年人的劳动参与的影响。