Seeing The World Through Rose‐colored Glasses? Neglect of Consensus Information in Young Children's Personality Judgments

The present study examined the use of consensus information in early childhood. Ninety‐six three‐ to six‐year‐olds watched a demonstration that depicted the positive or negative behavior of one or several actors toward a recipient (low vs. high consensus, respectively). Subsequently, participants made behavioral predictions and personality judgments about the actors and recipients. Participants viewed all story characters favorably and were reluctant to assign blame for negative outcomes, although the appropriate use of consensus information increased with age for behavioral predictions. These findings suggest that there is a positivity bias in young children's personality judgments even in the face of explicit contradictory behavioral evidence. Children's early ‘theory of personality’ is apparently driven by a baseline assumption that people are nice.     

Interracial‐Interethnic Unions and Fertility in the United States

How does the fertility of interracial and interethnic couples compare to the fertility of endogamous couples? If exogamous couples have transcended the boundary between them, then exogamy should not affect fertility. Alternatively, opposition to the relationship from the couple’s family and friends may reduce fertility. This study uses 2000 – 2005 American Community Survey data on married (n = 272,336) and cohabiting (n = 48,769) couples to compare the fertility of endogamous and exogamous couples. Interracial and interethnic partnering do not affect fertility for cohabiting, Black‐White, Mexican‐White, and Puerto Rican‐White intermarried couples, but it does reduce fertility in Chinese‐White and Asian Indian‐White intermarriages. These results are largely consistent with the argument that intermarried couples have transcended group boundaries.     

体育考古学研究方法初探

体育考古学既是考古学的一个分支,又属于体育人文科学,它涉及体育史学、敦煌学、考古学等诸多学科领域,作为交叉型的边缘学科它有自己独特的理论和研究方法.体育考古学作为一门新学科,其研究方法包括一般考古学的方法,即考古地层学、考古类形学、考古学文化区系类形论等一系列有关资料收集、整理、分析的研究方法,以及当前的新技术、新方法在体育考古学中的应用和有关体育考古学的特殊方法.     

Single-Sequence的边界约束条件

在VLSI物理设计中,分层设计和连线优化都要求某些模块放置在布局的边界位置。该文针对一般的具有不可二划分结构的布图规划问题,在SS编码的基础上解决VLSI物理设计中有边界约束的布局布图规划的问题;证明SS的放置顺序是表示模块的数字在SS中出现的位置先后顺序;提出模块放置在四个边界(上、下、左、右边界)在SS编码中应满足的充要条件及证明;并给出模块位于四个边界在SS编码中相应的表达式和计算方法。     

视觉特性与道路绿地设计

“以人为本”成为环境设计的基本观点 ,并逐渐在园林景观设计中引起重视。笔者探讨了在道路绿地景观的规划设计中如何运用人性化设计理念 ,着重于从路者的动态视觉观赏角度 ,结合人的生理、心理特点 ,研究速度等因素对道路绿地景观尺度及形式等方面的影响 ,以提高景观设计的科学性与合理性。     

地理原则能论证“麦克马洪线”的有效性吗？——评析20世纪五六十年代印度政府对“麦克马洪线”的一个观点

“麦克马洪线”问题是中印边界争端中的重要问题。这一历史遗留问题对中印关系起到极大的破坏性作用。20世纪五六十年代，印度政府坚持所谓的地理原则能论证“麦克马洪线”的有效性。本文详细分析了所谓地理原则的内涵，并从理论和实践两个方面阐明：所谓的地理原则论不但不能论证“麦克马洪线”的有效性，而且是导致中印边界冲突和战争的直接原因。     

人才选拔过程中面试方法的应用

面试是一种古老而常新的选拔人才的方法，无论是在历史上还是在今天，面试在人才选拔过程中都有着重要的作用。面试主要特点在于其对象的单一性、内容的灵活性、信息的复合性、交流的直接性与互动性以及判断的主观性。面试的重要问题有三，一是考什么，二是怎么考，三是由谁来考。     

Tests of independence in incomplete multi-way tables using likelihood functions

Kang (2006) and Kang and Larsen (in press) used the log likelihood function with Lagrangian multipliers for estimation of cell probabilities in two-way incomplete contingency tables. This paper extends results and simulations to three-way and multi-way tables. Numerous studies cross-classify subjects by three or more categorical factors. Constraints on cell probabilities are incorporated through Lagrangian multipliers. Variances of the MLEs are derived from the matrix of second derivatives of the log likelihood with respect to cell probabilities and the Lagrange multiplier. Wald and likelihood ratio tests of independence are derived using the estimates and estimated variances. In simulation results in Kang and Larsen (in press), for data missing at random, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) produced more efficient estimates of population proportions than either multiple imputation (MI) based on data augmentation or complete case (CC) analysis. Neither MLE nor MI, however, lead to an improvement over CC analysis with respect to power of tests for independence in two-way tables. Results are extended to multidimensional tables with arbitrary patterns of missing data when the variables are recorded on individual subjects. In three-way and higher-way tables, however, there is information relevant for judging independence in partially classified information, as long as two or more variables are jointly observed. Simulations study three-dimensional tables with three patterns of association and two levels of missing information.