《文学杂志》、《文艺月报》与左联活动探赜——以北方左联克服“关门主义”的过程为中心

1933年间,北平相继出现了两种大型文学杂志《文学杂志》和《文艺月报》。体裁与内容相似的这两种公开杂志之间有何关系?关于《文学杂志》,据当时左联负责人员陆万美的证言,它被当做了北方左联的机关刊物。但朱正以王志之在其《鲁迅印象记》里所描写的该杂志发刊筹备的情况为证据,主张它不是左联机关刊物。我再三慎重斟酌两种杂志的内容以及两位论者的主张,最后得出了如下结论:与朱正的主张相反,我认为《文学杂志》的产生是北方左联在纠正"关门主义"的过程中所做的实践之一。但这个富有重要意义的尝试也被文总(即指导左联的上级机关)视为"右倾化"的产物而拒绝了。负责开展左联活动的潘漠华、陆万美等人受到批判,左联又改变了方向。《文艺月报》是在文总的指导下以北平社联的负责人员为中心创办的刊物,它是在推动北方左联全体走上"左倾"路线起了很大作用的一种杂志。     

《太平记》与《三国演义》的比较——论张飞的艺术形象

<三国演义>中,有关张飞的人物描写,有一些固定模式的词语.同样的词语也会用在相近人物的身上.日本的军记物语中虽多有人物的衣装描写,却很少有像<三国演义>那样的人物相貌,乃至五官的描写.作为例外,引用中国故事较多的<太平记>在人物描写方法上承接了<三国演义>的影响;而<太平记>中的定型化言语表现又影响到了日本近世翻译成日文的<通俗三国志>.追根溯源,以先行文学中的人物来比喻或说明作品中人物的方法,可以追溯到汉代人物樊哙在<三国演义>中的引用.日中文学之间的承接影响关系研究和比较研究的结合将有助于廓清两国文学之间的交流关系.     

Bioaccessibility of Fukushima‐Accident‐Derived Cs in Soils and the Contribution of Soil Ingestion to Radiation Doses in Children

Ingestion of contaminated soil is one potential internal exposure pathway in areas contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Doses from this pathway can be overestimated if the availability of radioactive nuclides in soils for the gastrointestinal tract is not considered. The concept of bioaccessibility has been adopted to evaluate this availability based on in vitro tests. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of radioactive cesium from soils via the physiologically‐based extraction test (PBET) and the extractability of those via an extraction test with 1 mol/L of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The bioaccessibility obtained in the PBET was 5.3% ± 1%, and the extractability in the tests with HCl was 16% ± 3%. The bioaccessibility was strongly correlated with the extractability. This result indicates the possibility that the extractability in HCl can be used as a good predictor of the bioaccessibility with PBET. In addition, we assessed the doses to children from the ingestion of soil via hand‐to‐mouth activity based on our PBET results using a probabilistic approach considering the spatial distribution of radioactive cesium in Date City in Fukushima Prefecture and the interindividual differences in the surveyed amounts of soil ingestion in Japan. The results of this assessment indicate that even if children were to routinely ingest a large amount of soil with relatively high contamination, the radiation doses from this pathway are negligible compared with doses from external exposure owing to deposited radionuclides in Fukushima Prefecture.     

Homogeneity of variances in normal linear regression with a change point

Two methods for testing the equality of variances in straight lines regression with a change point are considered. One is likelihood ratio test and the other is Bayesian confidence interval, based on the highest posterior density for the ratio of variances, using non-informative priors. Methods are applied to the renal transplant data analyzed by Smith and Cook(1980) and Stephens(1994).     

A population study of the japanese wood mouse,Apodemus speciosus (Mammalia: Muridae), with reference to its social behavior

Summary The role of social behavior on the population regulation of the Japanese wood mouse,Apodemus speciosus, was studied in the Ashu Experimental Forest of Kyoto University by monthly trapping and direct observation on the social behavior at the artificial feeding site. The census was carried out from May to October in 1974 and 1975, and the direct observation in June, August and October, 1975. In the study area, the Japanese wood mouse has two breeding seasons in a year: in spring and in autumn. Minimum survival rate was high in the non-breeding season and low in the breeding season. It was negatively correlated to the number of sexually active adults in both sexes. Home ranges of females tended to be mutually exclusive, and female residents prevented the settlement of female immigrants. On the other hand, home ranges of males overlapped largely and males had a straight social hierarchy. Subordinate males tended to disappear more often than dominant males did, but male residents did not hinder the settlement of male immigrants. Males may regulate their number by driving out the subordinate males, while females by spacing behavior. Contribution from the Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, No. 445.     

The impact of biological preferences on parental investments in children and step-children

A remarriage typically involves significant changes in a family’s financial circumstance, and these changes, combined with the relative bargaining relationship between spouses, likely affect the well-being of the children who are part of the family. In this paper, I use the separate-spheres model, a theoretical model that explains the determinants of bargaining power in marriage, to analyze how a remarried couple’s bargaining relationship affects their child investment in stepfamilies. Based on this theoretical model, I build and estimate an empirical model that investigates the determinants of parental investment. As evidence of parental preference for biological children over stepchildren, I find that an increased wage rate of a biological mother significantly improves her child investment when her husband is a stepfather of the child, while there is no such effect for mothers living with the biological father of the child.

THE EFFECTS OF ASSET PURCHASES AND NORMALIZATION OF U.S. MONETARY POLICY

This paper examines changes in the effects of unconventional monetary policies in the United States. To this end, we estimate a Markov-switching VAR model with absorbing regimes to capture possible structural changes. Our results detect regime changes around the beginning of 2011 and the middle of 2013. Before 2011, the U.S. large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs) had relatively large impacts on the real economy and prices, but after the middle of 2013, their effects were weaker and less-persistent. In addition, after the middle of 2013, which includes the monetary policy normalization period, the asset purchase (or balance sheet) shocks had slightly weaker effects than during the early stage of the LSAPs but stronger effects than during the late stage of the LSAPs, while interest rate shocks had insignificant effects on the real economy and prices. Finally, our results suggest that the positive responses of durables and capital goods expenditures to interest rate shocks weakened the negative impacts of interest rate hikes after the middle of 2013 including the period of monetary policy normalization. (JEL C32, E21, E52)