Exploring Factors Influencing the Risky Cycling Behaviors of Young Cyclists Aged 15–24 Years: A Questionnaire-Based Study in China

Road traffic crashes are the leading cause of death for young people, among whom cyclists account for a higher percentage of injuries and deaths than any other road users. This study aimed to examine the factor structure of the Young Cyclist Behavior Questionnaire (YCBQ) and investigate the relationships among demographic characteristics, cycling use-related variables, perceived risk, perceived cycling skills, and risky cycling behaviors among young people. A sample of 448 cyclists (mean age of 20.37 years) completed the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were utilized. The YCBQ had a clear factorial structure, items with high factor loadings, and good internal consistency. The five-factor structure included traffic violations, impulsive behaviors, ordinary violations, distractions, and errors. Risky cycling behaviors could be explained by gender, age, perceived risk, and perceived cycling skills, with the model explaining 37% of the variance. Gender had the greatest impact on risky cycling behaviors; male individuals were more likely to engage in risky behaviors. Young cyclists with higher levels of perceived risk had lower probabilities of engaging in risky cycling behaviors. Cyclists with lower scores on perceived cycling skills were more likely to report engaging in risky cycling behaviors. Age significantly explained risky behaviors; the younger the cyclist was, the higher his or her risky behaviors score. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the prevention of risky behaviors among young cyclists. Regarding intervention design, attention to the identified gender differences, the need to strengthen the ability to perceive risk, and the importance of road safety education for young cyclists may promote safer cycling.     

A Study of Risk Relevance Reasoning Based on a Context Ontology of Railway Accidents

With the application of risk management and accident response in the railway domain, risk detection and prevention have become key research topics. Many dangers and associated risk sources must be considered in collaborative scenarios of heavy-haul railways. In these scenarios, (1) various risk sources are involved in different data sources, and context affects their occurrence, (2) the relationships between contexts and risk sources in the accident cause mechanism need to be explicitly defined, and (3) risk knowledge reasoning needs to integrate knowledge from multiple data sources to achieve comprehensive results. To express the association rules among core concepts, this article constructs two ontologies: The accident-risk ontology and the context ontology. Concept analysis is based on railway domain knowledge and accident analysis reports. To sustainably integrate knowledge, an integrated evolutionary model called scenario-risk-accident chain ontology (SRAC) is constructed by introducing new data sources. The SRAC is integrated through expert rules between the two ontologies, and its evolution process involves new knowledge through a new risk source database. After three versions of the upgrade process, potential risk sources can be mined and evaluated in specific contexts. To evaluate the risk source level, a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model is used to capture context and risk text features. A model comparison for different neural network structures is performed to find the optimal evaluation results. Finally, new concepts, such as risk source level, and new instances are updated in the context-aware risk knowledge reasoning framework.     

Three optimal cut-point selection criteria based on sensitivity and specificity with user-defined weights

Methods: Based on the index S (S = SENSITIVITY (SEN) × SPECIFICITY (SPE)), the new weighted product index S_w is defined as S_w = (SEN)^2w × (SPE)^2(1-w), where (0≤w≤1). The S_w is developed to be a new tool to select the optimal cut point in ROC analysis and be compared with the other two commonly used criteria.

Results: Comparing the optimal cut point for the three criteria, the wave range of the optimal cut point for the maximized weighted Youden index criterion is the widest, the weighted closest-to-(0,1) criterion is the narrowest and the weighted product index S_w criterion lays between the ranges of the two criteria.     

论信用卡诈骗罪中专项分期型贷款的性质——从刑法与其他部门法关系的角度观察

面对越来越复杂的银行业务,司法机关在认定信用卡诈骗犯罪中应当注意区分通过信用卡偿还的相关款项,并非均为信用卡透支消费.用于购买汽车等的大额专项分期业务,从额度、期限、担保、使用限制等方面都与一般的信用卡透支消费不同.通过从民事、经济等法规的角度分析,此类专项分期业务的实质属于贷款而非信用卡透支,相应的行为涉嫌犯罪时应以贷款诈骗等犯罪来处理.虽然同在已经构建的法律体系之下,刑法与其他部门法的概念可能仍有差异,具体的规制方案和途径衔接还不完全顺畅,应当及时处理相关问题.     

史学上之正统论与明清历史小说

史学上之正统论对明清历史小说的创作影响深远。正统论既影响了明清历史小说的整体架构,也影响了具体作品的思想倾向。具体而言,史家所推崇的汉族正统王朝——汉唐宋明成为历史小说创作的重点,"严华夷之分"观念导致了清中叶以前少数民族王朝史小说的缺失。当然,明清历史小说中的正统论也具有其独特性,它较之史学观念更具有天命与道德色彩。     

TESOL教学模式在英语教学中的应用研究

本文基于TESOL教学模式的合作学习和自主学习理论,探讨了如何把这种先进的教学模式应用到英语教学实践中,旨在对大学英语教学提供新的思路和借鉴。     

论爱因斯坦的人文社会科学思想

爱因斯坦不仅是伟大的科学家，而且也是精神境界高尚的思想家和社会活动家。他的人文社会科学思想主要表现在：有高度社会责任感，热爱和平、追求自由，主张民主、走社会主义道路，反对民族压迫和种族歧视，理智地对待人生等方面。     

中国的最优经常账户差额估计

中国的国际收支失衡主要来源于经常账户失衡.持续增加的经常账户顺差不仅引发国际贸易摩擦的日益升级,而且导致通货膨胀压力和国民福利损失.为增进国民福利,最优经常账户差额应作为国际收支的调节目标.     

Stochastic comparisons and properties of conditional generalized order statistics

Generalized order statistics introduced by Kamps [1995. A concept of generalized order statistics. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 48, 1–23] provides a unified approach to a variety of models concerning ordered random variables. This paper carries out stochastic comparisons of conditional generalized order statistics in terms of the likelihood ratio order and the hazard rate order from two samples, and establishes some stochastic monotonicity properties. The main results strengthen and generalize the corresponding results established recently in the literature. Finally, some applications of the main results are given as well.     

淬硬H13钢在高速铣削时的刀具磨损性能实验研究

征地拆迁所涉利益巨大，农民从个体理性出发，想通过做钉子户获得更多利益。政府在征地拆迁中制造的政策性空间、寻租性空间以及操作性空间，为农民从想做“钉子户”到成为“钉子户”提供了可能。同时，政府为了更好完成拆迁的一些策略反而增加了拆迁户的相对剥夺感和不公平感，从而进一步刺激了拆迁户争当钉子户的行为。农民的公平观更多是基于村庄横向比较的相对剥夺感，这对征地拆迁补偿政策的制定意义重大。重视农民的相对剥夺感和公平观，并由此制定拆迁补偿政策、从国家治理层面压缩钉子户产生的空间是治理农村征地拆迁钉子户的有效途径，这从国家反腐向基层深入后征地拆迁中钉子户得到了有效抑制的现实结果得到了验证。同时，村委是把“双刃剑”，需要谨慎把控村委在征地拆迁中的作用。