Was there compression of disability for older Americans from 1992 to 2003?

Medical advances and the growth of the elderly population have focused interest on trends in the health of the elderly. Three theories have been advanced to describe these trends: compression of morbidity, expansion of morbidity, and dynamic equilibrium. We applied multistate life table methods to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to estimate active and disabled life expectancy from 1992 to 2003, defining disability as having difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living or activities of daily living. We found increases in active life expectancy past age 65 and decreases in life expectancy with severe disability. These trends are consistent with elements of both the theory of compression of morbidity and the theory of dynamic equilibrium.     

Using age and spatial flow structures in the indirect estimation of migration streams

This article outlines a formal model-based approach for inferring interregional age-specific migration streams in settings where such data are incomplete, inadequate, or unavailable. The estimation approach relies heavily on log-linear models, using them to impose some of the regularities exhibited by past age and spatial structures or to combine and borrow information drawn from other sources. The approach is illustrated using data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. and Mexico censuses.     

Race,military service,and marital timing: Evidence from the NLSY-79

I use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the relationship between military service and marital timing for white men and black men during the 1980s. I use information about active-duty and reserve-duty service as well as veteran status to implement strong controls for selectivity. I find that active-duty military service increases the probability of first marriage for both whites and blacks. In part, this relationship is due to positive selectivity into the military and, for whites, to greater income and economic stability. Above and beyond the effects of selectivity, income, and economic stability, the effect of active-duty military service is particularly strong for black men.     

The increase in marital status differences in mortality up to the oldest age in seven European countries, 1990-99

We investigate mortality differentials by marital status among older age groups using a database of mortality rates by marital status at ages 40 and over for seven European countries with 1 billion person-years of exposure. The mortality advantage of married people, both men and women, continues to increase up to at least the age group 85-89, the oldest group we are able to consider. We find the largest absolute differences in mortality levels between marital status groups are at high ages, and that absolute differentials are: (i) greater for men than for women; (ii) similar in magnitude across countries; (iii) increase steadily with age; and (iv) are greatest at older age. We also find that the advantage enjoyed by married people increased over the 1990s in almost all cases. We note that results for groups such as older divorced women need to be interpreted with caution.     

Widowhood,family size,and post-reproductive Mortality: a comparative Analysis of three populations in Nineteenth-Century Europe

Researchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects oJ childbearing on parents 'postreproductive longevity. The "disposable soma theory" argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. "Maternal depletion" models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother's health.     

Older women's fears of violence: the need for interventions that enable active ageing

Women's fear of violence can impact negatively on their active participation in life. An ageing survey conducted with 2,620 Australian respondents aged 50 to 90 years examined aspects of work, learning, social, spiritual and emotional status, health, vision, home, life events, demographics, and asked an open-ended question about what being actively engaged in life meant. Ordinal regression was carried out on two dependent variables: wanting and needing to learn to discourage violence. Analyses found that as women's age increased, those on lower incomes were more likely than others to say they needed to learn how to discourage violence against them. This paper investigates the variables associated with the findings-transport, finances, news media, home safety, and reduced social interactions. Results highlight the importance of understanding women's fear in the context of personal and social issues, and the need to provide learning opportunities to improve safety and social engagement.     

全球化与亚洲妇女的有酬劳动

１．引言近些年来,没有别的哪个概念像“全球化”这样引起如此之多的议论和争论。以此为关键词在网上一找,一下就找到了上千的论文和专著。全球化什么时候开始的？已经到了什么程度？全球化的世界将会是什么模样？它有没有使得国家过时,或是使之削弱？或者,如某些人申论的那样,它竟然反而在某些方面使国家得以加强？全球化是个经济的、政治的、文化的、社会的过程,抑或是无所不包？它对市民社会有什么影响？有些论者坚持说,全球化无非现代化进程或者资本主义发展的继续,另一些学者则宣称它是一种新现象。有些人认为全球化无可抗拒,另外一些…     

论当代新疆各民族文化转型及表现

当代新疆各民族文化的转型进程 ,是在改革开放进程的直接推动下发生的一种必然的和现实的过程。本世纪 2 0年代 ,美国学者皮萨尔提出文化具有显示文化和隐示文化这两个层次。所谓显示文化是指明显的表层的文化 ,即文化中使人能够耳闻目睹的 ,甚至可以看得见、摸得着 ,具有明确的形态和模式的层次。隐示文化则是一个与显示文化相对的概念 ,指的是文化中隐蔽的、深层的观念和模式。新疆各民族文化转型既表现在显示文化 ,即看得见、摸得着的那一层次上的变迁进程中 ,也表现在比较内在的、隐蔽的、深层的观念和模式 ,即所谓的隐示文化层次的变迁…     

导论

导论阿金·马博根叶本刊以相连的两期讨论地理学学术现状。其中前一期集中探讨地球环境与生活其中的人类社会之间的交互关系。近两个世纪以来,这个方面所强调的重点在方向上发生了变化。环境原被视作对人类社会中所发生的许多事情的一个重要的决定因素,而如今却以环境条...