心理语言学的发展史

一、引言本文旨在综览心理语言学这一交叉学科的主要发展过程。笔者认为,心理语言学的历史是一部知识劳动分野不断变动的发展史,尽管如此,跨学科的合作研究仍旧是其基本规范。心理语言学所取得的成就一直是语言学家和心理学家相互学习的结果,而且未来的成功也将取决于这种相互学习。二、早期的划分:莫里斯的句法、语义和语用     

Ecological organization of Indian society

Some of the factors involved in securing the well being of an Indian rural population in a sustainable and environmentally sound fashion are discussed. Population pressure on the land and declining productivity threaten the balance between man and nature. The options are to provide outside technological inputs and/or to empower the rural population who may be able to provide an intimate knowledge of the local environment and must be organized and motivated to value and protect their resource base. Attention in paid to the Indian caste system, resource use diversification, group size and range, group dynamics, elites and the ecosystem, the drain on rural resources, the iron triangle of beneficiaries of subsidies, of administrators of subsidies, and of politicians, and the growing strife. The Indian caste system is differentiated by its subgroups which maintain communication within the subgroup, and resource access is determined by an individual's affiliation with the subgroup. It is not a smooth continuum between subgroups. Inequalities in resource access can create social tensions and/or partitioning of resources. The example is given of the subgroups Gavlis and Kunbis, in the Western Ghats in Pune district of Maharashtra, where exchanges are made for livestock or surplus grain, and the multicaste system of 40 subgroups in Uttara Kannada, with occupations specific to each subgroup. In order to function effectively as a subgroup the numbers must be limited or splinter groups develop. Several estimates of possible ranges are given, i.e., an upper limit of 10,000 or the equivalent of a subcaste and 10-20 endogenous groups/larger village with an area of 1000 km. Mergers and group splits are described among the Gavlis in Western Ghat and Tirumal Nadivallas and settlers of the Andaman Islands. Historically, communities were self-sufficient and surrounded elite communities; they had their own self-government and organized local resources for sustainable use, even though this was sometimes inequitable but not overexploited. Elites formed on the surplus of resources, but there was little outflow to other regions. British colonial rule made tremendous changes which led to the lack of security within depressed subgroups. The resources were controlled by the elite in the iron triangle at the expense of the small landholder, landless agricultural workers, village artisans, tribals and nomads, and urban slum dwellers. There was no reason for efficient resource use, and development was wasteful and benefited the elites. Regionalism is growing as well as tension between the elites and the poorer members of minorities.     

A service tracking and referral form to monitor the receipt of services in a case management program

Too often, systematic recording procedures are not developed which describe and assess the delivery of social work--and, more specifically, case management--services. The authors report on the Service Tracking and Referral Form developed by California's Adolescent Family Life Evaluation Project to document the receipt of services by pregnant adolescent clients as a result of case management intervention. The rationale and process underlying the development and use of the project's Service Tracking and Referral Form are discussed. Data are presented to illustrate the kinds of information which can be generated from the form. Finally, the authors discuss the form's utility and the possible uses of these types of data for case management, supervisory, administrative, and evaluative purposes.     

中国的语言学研究

(一)词汇学现状在中国,词汇学研究是从70年代末开始恢复的。“文革”期间,中国的语言学研究处于完全停滞状态,既不搞学术研究,也缺乏同其他国家学者的交流。这就向中国学术界提出一项任务:批判地吸收国外语言学在这一期间所创造的一切成果。当代中国语言学的一个特点是致力于创造性探索,用非传统的方法去解决词汇学问题。在一些文章、演讲、讨论及专著中都强调必须提出新问题。目前对于语言现象的研     

道德的全人类原则与阶级原则(伦理学研究的新视野)

道德的阶级原则与全人类原则问题是多方面的。这个问题的特殊的焦点是关于道德价值的本性(阶级本性或全人类本性、阶级一全人类本性)问题,其中可以分出两个相互联系的方面——道德价值的客观根据的特点和道德价值内容的特点。我们认为,在苏联哲学和伦理学中,直到70年代末,把道德的阶级根据、道德价值的阶级本性绝对化的观点占绝对统治地位。只是普通道德准则(信守诺言,谴责对弱者施加暴力,承认善恶报应是公正的等等)是个例外,不过,把它们看作是十分局部领域的道德“工具”。因为这些准则丧失阶     

关于现代社会民主党问题的争论——社会主义国家学者第三次国际讨论会总结(哈瓦那,1988年7月1—3日)

在共产主义运动的队伍中,就工人运动一些迫切问题的活跃讨论已经进行几年了。在这些问题中,最重要的是:对共产主义派别和社会民主主义派别的现状和前途的估计;对共产党人和社会民主党人真诚对话和有效合作的可能性的估计,而归根到底是对克服世界工人运动长期分裂的估计。况且,现在不仅在谈论与欧洲的这两个派别有关的问题,而且还在越来越大的程度上谈论亚非拉发展中国家与这两个派别有关的问题。上述争论重心的转移有相当强大的国际前提(资本主义生产和生产关系的国际化)和内部前提。内部前提首先是,亚非拉国家工人阶级人数的增长(该地区雇佣工人的人数达27000—28000万,约占全世界劳动大军的1/3。第三世界的劳资关系也与以前不同。它们越来