地方感何以可能——兼评段义孚“Space and Place: The Perspectives of Experience”一书

In the first century of Anthropology (1870-1970), almost all social sciences studies focused on“objective”,“rational”,“collective”, and “universal” socio-cultural facts. This orien-tation excluded and marginalized those “subjec-tive”,“individual” and “non-rational” fields in the discourse system of the discipline. “Sense”was such a field, refused by the gatekeepers of tra-ditional anthropology. Since 1980s, more and more anthropologists have paid attention to the study of sense. laying the foundations for an “anthropology of the sen-ses”. With the gradual influence of Western An-thropology of the senses, “sense of place” is be-coming a current academic phrase in Chinese An-thropology. Meanwhile, a fundamental question has to be asked:how is sense of place possible? In order to explore this question, we must go back to Yi-Fu Tuan, a renowned humanistic geographer and his master work, Space and Place. Space and Place contains a total of fourteen chapters and can be divided into three parts. The first part, chapters 1 to 3, discusses three key words:experience, space, and place. Meanwhile, this part identifies the fundamental question of the book:how do human beings understand and expe-rience the world? The second part, ranging from chapters 4 to 9 , and introduces the relationship be-tween sense and space. The third part,chapters 10 to 14 , interprets the relationship between place and sense. Although the latter two parts introduce
the relationship between the “Sense and Space”and “Place and Sense”, the interrelation of space-sense-place runs through the whole book. The three key words ( experience, space and place ) are fully reflected in the title of the book ( Space and Place—the Perspective of Experience. What, then, is the nature of experience? Tuan holds that the essentiality of experience is how a person knows and constructs reality, ran-ging from inchoate feelings to explicit conceptions. Essentially,experience equals feeling plus thought. It is generally argued that feeling and thought are opposites. Feeling is subjective and non-rational. Thought is objective and rational. Tuan however argues that both of them belong to different poles of an experiential continuum and are ways of knowing the world. Through a new understanding of experi-ence, Tuan puts feelings to the study of “space-place”. Tuan considers space as a geometrical unit ( area or volume ) , it is a measurable and unam-biguous quantity. More loosely speaking, space means “room”; Space “is given by the ability to move”. However, sense is the sense of a lived body or man, and the relationship between sense and space is the relationship between a body and space, or essentially, the world. When a man ( or lived body ) moves in the world or space, the movement in turn gives him a sense of space. Place, in Tuan’s view, is a type of object,an object in which one can dwell (p. 12),a stable ob-
ject that catches our attention ( p. 161 );a focus of value, of nurture and support (p. 29). If we have a sense of space because we can move, then we have a sense of place because of a pause in move-ment. The pause makes it possible for a locality to become a center of felt value ( p. 138 ) . Sense of place is mind at work ( p. 198 ) , while sense of space is body at work. The most typical sense of place is topophilia, which is the feeling-link be-tween person and place ( Tuan, 1974 ) , and be-comes mixed with the sense of cultural identity a-mong certain peoples and a love of certain aspects of such a place. Actually, place has a lot of similarities with the character of space. For example, one place in-cludes several spaces while it contains another lar-ger space. Nevertheless, the difference between the two is also obvious. Tuan argues that“Place is security, space is freedom” ( p. 3 ) , and Space lies open as a common symbol of freedom in the Western world. On the negative side, space and freedom are a threat. A root meaning of the word“bad” is“open”. To be open and free is to be ex-posed and vulnerable. Compared to space, place is a calm center of established values ( p. 54 ) . While space and place is not a duality, according to Tuan, space can transform into place. In a word, the key factor of the transformation is culture,or more concretely, human experience. Based on this, we further propose that space and place is a continuum, just like Tuan’s understand-ing of experience as a continuum, and sense is a significant link to it. To summarize, Yi-Fu Tuan argues that ex-perience is a compound of feeling and thought in Space and Place:The Perspective of Experience. Tu-
an focuses on feeling and sense, which is the con-junction of space and place. We believe that Tuan’s research is based on a set of views: People have a sense of space from the body, as well as a sense of place from the function of the mind. From sense of space to sense of place, space and place become a continuum for the sake of sense. Nowa-days, historical anthropology still has problems in dealing with the relationship between space and place, so Tuan’s research, which has already bro-ken boundaries between the disciplines of geogra-phy and anthropology, is worthy of closer atten-tion.     

大陆和香港高校工程管理专业课程设置的比较与启示

对比了香港4所设有工程管理专业的大学和大陆第一批通过工程管理专业评估的6所大学的4大平台体系：工程技术、工程经济、工程法律、工程管理的课程设置情况。通过比较指出了大陆各所大学之间课程设置的侧重点以及和香港各大学课程设置相比的不足之处。为提高大陆工程管理专业课教育水平,借鉴了香港的工程管理专业课的教育模式,对大陆工程管理专业教育模式提出了几点建议。     

关联视角下词汇语用收缩与扩充的探索

词汇语用学是语用学界发展迅速的一个分支学科,它以词汇层面为基础,对词汇意义进行动态研究.词汇项目不仅有其本身的词汇意义,而且受语用因素的制约,如词汇信息的语用收缩、语用扩充等,它们始终贯穿于其使用的调整过程中.本文将试图解释与词义的非充分限定有关的语用现象,探讨语言使用中词义的选择与确定,尤其是特定语境中话语理解时词义的语用收缩与语用扩充现象,并从认知的角度对其语用过程进行关联性阐释.     

研究生心理状态调查与教育对策

对研究生的自我意识、学习适应、人际交往、求职择业等方面进行调查与分析后,发现研究生的心理与行为总体上呈积极态势,但也存在着一些心理困惑,若不及时教育与引导,将会影响研究生的健康成长。为此,高校应根据研究生心理发展的特点,依据思想政治教育与心理健康教育有机结合、导师潜移默化的影响与指导研究生学习有机结合、自我认知与自我体验的方法与辅导有机结合、以及自助与他助有机结合等原则对他们进行有效的教育。同时,要加强研究生心理健康教育课程研究,将研究生心理健康教育纳入高校心理健康教育体系中,并建立研究生心理健康发展档案,以构建研究生心理健康服务体系与教育模式。     

情势变更原则的借鉴与适用

指出情势变更原则是现代合同法中的一项基本制度。介绍了情势变更原则的内涵及理论基础 ;运用比较法分析了大陆法中情势变更原则及英美法中合同落空理论的规定与适用。我国《合同法》没有规定情势变更原则 ,但是 ,情势变更原则在我国也有其适用基础和必要性 ,因为情势变更是商品经济条件下固有的风险。“入世”后 ,我国的企业在激烈的国际市场竞争中难免会遇到各种各样的风险 ,而情势变更的发生更是不可避免。因此 ,在司法实践中正确地理解并运用这一原则 ,不仅可以有效地保护我国企业的合法利益 ,而且能够促进我国在这方面的立法早日与国际惯例接轨。所以在借鉴大陆法及英美法司法实践经验基础上 ,提出了在我国司法实践中适用情势变更原则应从严把握的几个条件。     

世纪初大学生心理素质的特点与教育对策

“大学生生活状态调查”对当代大学生的自我意识、生活方式、学习态度与动机、人际交往、求职择业和社会适应等方面进行了分析。调查显示,尽管从总体上看大学生观念、心态与社会行为呈健康态势,仍存在种种心理困惑,若不能得到及时教育与帮助,将严重阻碍大学生的健康成长。为此,当前应建构文明和谐校园环境、     

试论乾隆朝东北禁边与八旗生计之关系

清代对东北的封禁因移旗屯田 ,从而体现其解决八旗生计的意图 ,由于移旗屯田因八旗人丁日沉靡风多告失败。严禁政策在一定程度上阻碍了东北地区的开发 ,为以后朝鲜半岛人民的大量越垦和俄国入侵提供了可乘之机。     

农地产权制度与农村劳动力转移

制度变迁分为诱致性制度变迁和强制性制度变迁。在强制性制度变迁的作用下,农村劳动力转移受阻;而在诱致性制度变迁的作用下,农村劳动力转移则充满着“活力”,转移速度增快,转移规模增大。为了证明这一点,我们以1978年为界,将我国农村劳动力转移分为建国至改革开放、改革开放初期至2004年两个阶段,在产权理论的框架下予以分析,并在比较的基础上提出几点结论性建议。     

新型农村合作医疗制度对农户高科技医疗服务利用的影响——基于供给者需求角度

以福建地区农户为研究对象,基于供给者诱导需求角度,采用Probit型实证分析方法,分析新型农村合作医疗制度对农户高科技医疗(如CT、MRI)服务利用行为的影响。结果表明:控制新型农村合作医疗制度给付结构因素之后,病床密度与医生密度会引发医疗服务供给者的诱导需求行为,使患病农户高科技医疗服务利用的概率显著增加;按病种付费或总额预算制的医疗支付方式改革则显著降低患病农户的高科技医疗利用概率。因此,新农合制度的下一步工作重点必须是合理引导和有效控制高科技医疗服务利用,从而使新农合制度真正发挥其应有的政策功能。     

宜居城市生态住区评价模型研究

为了更好地推进宜居城市住宅产业的发展,城市生态住区将成为宜居城市住宅未来发展的方向。本文以层次分析法为基础,构建了由目标层、准则层和因素层构成的城市生态住区评价模型。该模型目标层为宜居城市生态住区;准则层包括住区生态规划、住区节能设计、住区生态绿地系统、住区水循环系统、住区废弃物处理、住区居民生活基础设施、住区与周边沟通设施、住区网络智能化、住区生态化管理9个方面;因素层为51个影响因素指标。文章根据定性与定量相结合的原则,结合各指标的相对重要性,建立了多因素、多层次综合排序评价指标权重体系,运用层次分析法计算出影响宜居城市生态住区环境质量的指标权重,提出影响宜居城市生态住区的主要因素,为宜居城市生态住区评价和发展提供依据。