The HIV epidemic is one of the reasons for an increase in relative foster care. Most children of HIV-infected parents are not infected, but both the children and their caregivers are affected by the parent's illness. Twenty-eight caregivers participated in an exploratory, qualitative study of the permanency planning needs of HIV-affected relative foster parents. Of the caregivers, 17 disclosed that the foster child's parent was HIV-infected; 11 caregivers did not report HIV infection in the immediate family. HIV-affected caregivers' greatest need was a more adequate response from social workers and therapy services for the children; nonaffected caregivers needed financial assistance most. More HIV-affected caregivers were considering permanency than nonaffected caregivers. Child welfare workers and relative foster parents need training on HIV's effect on the families so that appropriate services can be accessed as early as possible. 相似文献
Although a relationship between poor self-reported health status and excess mortality risk has been well-established for industrialized countries, almost no research considers developing countries. We use data from Indonesia to show that in a low-income setting, as in more advantaged parts of the world, individuals who perceive their health to be poor are significantly more likely to die in subsequent follow-up periods than their counterparts who view their health as good. This result characterizes both men and women, holds for multiple time periods, and remains after inclusion of measures of nutritional status, physical functioning, symptoms of poor physical health and depression, and hypertension. We also consider the correlates of self-rated health. Symptoms and physical functioning are strong predictors of reporting poor rather than good health, but neither these indicators nor other covariates we consider distinguish between reports of excellent rather than good health. 相似文献
The purpose of this study was to examine sport fans' impressions of gay male athletes. Participants formed impressions of a fictional athlete from their favorite team after reading a short scenario about the player. The scenarios described the athlete as being gay or straight, and either becoming a distraction or not causing a distraction to the team. While males' ratings of the athlete did not significantly differ, female fans formed significantly more positive impressions of the gay male player than the straight athlete. These results are discussed in terms of the ingroup bias and the shifting culture of homophobia in sport. 相似文献
We consider the problem of estimating the lifetime distributions of survival times subject to a general censoring scheme called “middle censoring”. The lifetimes are assumed to follow a parametric family of distributions, such as the Gamma or Weibull distributions, and is applied to cases when the lifetimes come with covariates affecting them. For any individual in the sample, there is an independent, random, censoring interval. We will observe the actual lifetime if the lifetime falls outside of this censoring interval, otherwise we only observe the interval of censoring. This censoring mechanism, which includes both right- and left-censoring, has been called “middle censoring” (see Jammalamadaka and Mangalam, 2003Jammalamadaka, S. Rao, Mangalam, V. (2003). Nonparametric estimation for middle censored data. J. Nonparamet. Stat. 15(2):253–265.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). Maximum-likelihood estimation of the parameters as well as their large-sample properties are studied under this censoring scheme, including the case when covariates are available. We conclude with an application to a dataset from Environmental Economics dealing with ContingentValuation of natural resources. 相似文献
One pervasive outcome in the urbanization of an ecosystem is the proliferation and numerical dominance of select tolerant organisms that are often native to the system yet with reduced relative abundances in less-disturbed conditions. As a result of high variation in environmental conditions between urbanized and non-urbanized systems, it is possible that the functional role of a ubiquitous organism is context dependent. Such is the case for redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) in small streams in many parts of the Piedmont of the southeastern USA. To investigate this hypothesis, we evaluated the feeding, growth, and trophic position of redbreast sunfish in 3 streams of increasing levels of watershed urbanization (forested, suburban, urban) in the Lower Piedmont of western Georgia, USA. Through gut contents analysis, we found that sunfish consumed primarily Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae across all streams. However, fish in the suburban stream consumed more terrestrial prey than fish in the forest and urban streams, which corresponded to lower aquatic prey abundances in the suburban stream. Although there was no difference in mean fish age among streams, otolith analysis revealed that fish in the urban stream were larger at age than those in the forest stream. Last, stable isotope analysis revealed that fish in the urban stream occupied a lower trophic position than the other 2 streams. These results suggest that despite the fact that the primary prey resource was similar for sunfish in each stream, their potential functional role, as evidenced by size at age and trophic position, is context dependent.
Death anxiety is not only experienced by individuals receiving end-of-life care, but also by family members, social workers, and other service providers who support these individuals. Thus, identifying predictors of individual differences in experienced death anxiety levels may have both theoretical and clinical ramifications. The present study assessed the relative influence of religiosity, susceptibility to mortality cues, state and trait anxiety, and demographic factors in the experience of death anxiety through an online survey distributed to members of two online communities related to end-of-life care. Results indicated that cognitive and emotional susceptibility to mortality cues, as well as gender, predicted differences in death anxiety. Conversely, religiosity and age did not increase the predictive power of the model. Thus, death anxiety may be a function of emotional, cognitive, and sociocultural factors that interact in complex, but predictable, ways to modulate the response to mortality cues that occur in one’s life. 相似文献
This paper examines empirical links between sexual orientation and self-reported lying using data collected in several waves
of Georgia Institute of Technology’s World Wide Web Users Survey. The data include questions about sexual orientation, lying
in cyberspace, and a broad range of demographic information. According to the theoretical framework of Gneezy (Am Econ Rev
95: 384–395, 2005) on the economics of deception, individuals conceal or falsify information when the expected benefit of lying exceeds its
costs in terms of psychic disutility. If non-heterosexuals expect to benefit more by falsifying information, then this theory
predicts higher rates of lying among non-heterosexuals. The data show that gays and lesbians do indeed report lying more often
than heterosexuals, both unconditionally in bivariate correlations and after controlling for demographic and geographic differences.
These empirical results are consistent with the conclusion that non-heterosexuals expect higher benefits from concealing personal
information because of anti-homosexual discrimination.