论马克思最低工资理论的形成与发展

最低工资理论是马克思工资学说的重要组成部分。马克思最低工资理论经历了产生、发展、成熟和完善等几个发展阶段。马克思对最低工资的内容，它与劳动力价值的关系以及与此相联系的工人阶级经济斗争的意义都经历了一个从初步的认识到完整的科学认识的发展过程     

汉代诸侯官吏自杀现象剖析

根据纪传体正史记载统计，两汉（包括新朝）诸侯官吏自杀现象屡屡出现。究其自杀动机有被迫、惧祸、守节和保全家室等。这种自杀现象的社会根源是囿于礼的传统、对精神自由或肉体尊严的维护以及儒家经义的影响，它是特定公共行政和政治强权下形成的一种扭曲的社会习俗     

是统一,而非专制——重评汉武帝“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”的政策

文章认为汉武帝的“罢黜百家 ,独尊儒术”的政策 ,造成了中国文化统一而非专制的局面。汉武帝为实行这个政策所采取的手段是温和的、合理的 ,所导致的结果也非思想文化的单一与窒息局面。儒学在中国封建社会思想文化领域内的主导地位是由中国文化的特性以及儒学自身的特点决定的。     

Combining non-linear regressions that have unequal error variances and some parameters in common

Methods of estimation and inference are presented for the situation where two non-linear regression models with unequal error variances contain some parameters in common. Such a situation arises in structural chemistry, when bond lengths are available for three nearly collinear atoms in crystals and a model is required to quantify the extent and form of the relationship between the longer and the shorter bond. Some atomic triples are symmetric and require a different model and error variance from those required by the asymmetric triples. The profile likelihood for the regression parameters is a weighted sum of the logarithms of the sums-of-squares functions from each model, and the estimates can be obtained by using a simple modification to a standard non-linear least squares program. A likelihood ratio test for assessing whether the parameters in common are equal is described. When these techniques are applied to two data sets consisting of bond lengths for bromine–tellurium–bromine and sulphur–tellurium–sulphur triples, there is no evidence against the equality hypothesis. An extension to the model to allow for a non-constant variance is required for proper analysis of the sulphur–tellurium–sulphur data.     

Listening—Ubiquitous Yet Obscure

Service learning continues to evolve as an exciting, innovative teaching tool in education. This paper defines and explains the service learning movement and details a service learning unit applied in an “Effective Listening” classroom and the mutual student, institutional, and educator benefits.     

Critical Theorist,Postmodernist and Social Constructionist Paradigms in Organizational Analysis: A Paradigmatic Review of Organizational Learning Literature

In an effort to clarify alternative approaches to organizational analysis, this paper is concerned to stimulate the debate on how an inquiry into organizational phenomena, in general, and organizational learning, in particular, can be accomplished. Encouraging attention to different aspects of various paradigmatic approaches, the paper focuses on critical theory, postmodernism and social constructionism and how these paradigms have contributed and can contribute to the research in the subject domain of organizational learning. To this end, a paradigmatic review of the literature on organizational learning is offered in this paper. Organizational learning, as the study of learning processes of, and within, organizations, has attracted significant attention in academe since the early 1980s. There is a plethora of studies on organizational learning, which offer rich material for a paradigmatic review. This study highlights the need for further development of the field from alternative paradigmatic perspectives, with a view to generating more insights into the multifaceted, complex and changing nature of learning in contemporary organizations.     

Contraceptive use at first intercourse among Jewish women in Israel, 1962–1988

Using data from the 1987–1988 Study of Fertility and Family Formation,this study examines the family planning practices of Jewish Israeli womenwho first had intercourse between 1962 and 1988. The overwhelming majorityof women reported using no contraception at first intercourse, and among those who did practice birth control approximately half relied on modern techniques. While the likelihood that Israeli women used contraception at first sex changed little between 1962 and 1988, there has been a marked shift towards the adoption of efficient methods of birth control. Moreover, factors which promote female empowerment, including education and military service, have been positively associated with contraceptive use at first intercourse. Among those women who practiced contraception at first intercourse, those from Africa and Asia have been especially likely to make use of inefficient methods such as withdrawal.