The effect of illegitimacy on U.S. general fertility rates and population growth

Abstract Illegitimacy and bridal pregnancy has attracted the attention of scholars concerned with a variety of plausible causes and consequences ofbirths conceived out of wedlock. Sociologists have expressed concern with the impact of such births on maternal and child health, family stability and the economic status offamilies. Although demographers have described trends in various populations, and have occasionally suggested that births conceived out of wedlock influence general fertility rates and cohort fertility, measures of the demographic impact of illegitimate or premaritally conceived births have not been assessed. While it seems obvious that a change in births conceived out of wedlock will affect change in a general fertility rate, this finding would not automatically allow the conclusion that cohort fertility would change because a change in the rate of births conceived out of wedlock occurred.     

Psychiatric patients' perceptions of constant care

1. Patients need and want structure during CC. 2. Respect for patients experiencing CC is demonstrated when caregivers involve patients in all levels of decision making. 3. Patients identified the behaviors of caring, health teaching, and role modeling as helpful to their recovery. 4. Patients have two primary resentments--a lack of privacy and continuity of care.     

Ergonomics in a hospital and a university setting: The effect of worksite analysis on upper extremity work-related musculoskeletal disorders

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether individuals with work-related injuries receiving worksite analysis would have less lost workdays than individuals not receiving worksite analysis. Therapeutic management of work-related injuries in a hospital and a university setting were also compared. STUDY DESIGN: Over a one-year period, employees who sustained an upper extremity work-related injury were issued questionnaires regarding their injury, treatment, functional status and pain level. Participants were divided into three groups: group 1 consisted of hospital employees (N=14) who underwent worksite analysis, group 2 included university employees (N=15) who underwent worksite analysis whereas group~3 included university employees (N=14) who underwent no analysis. RESULTS: All groups were similar in demographics, functional status, and pain level. Satisfaction with the worksite analysis was similar for groups one and two. CONCLUSION: A pattern of less absenteeism but greater modified duty days was associated with those individuals undergoing worksite analysis.     

Childhood sexual abuse, dissociation, and adult self-destructive behavior

Female college students reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse (N=175) and not reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse (N=260) were compared on indices of six self-destructive behaviors, including drug use, alcohol abuse, binge eating, self-mutilation, risky sex, and suicidality. The samples were also compared on two measures of dissociation, the Trauma Symptom Checklist dissociation subscale and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. The CSA group had significantly higher mean scores on all the indices of self-destructive behavior except self-mutilation (where the mean difference approached significance), and on both measures of dissociation. One or both dissociation measures were related significantly to each index of self-destructive behavior except binge eating. Multiple regression mediation analyses provided support for the hypothesis that dissociation mediates the relationships between CSA and both drug use and alcohol abuse. Dissociation also explained significant variability when added to the regressions of risky sex and suicidality on CSA.     

Labour migration as a response to relative deprivation

In this paper we define the relative deprivation of a person with income y as an increasing function of the percentage of individuals in the person's reference group whose income is larger than y. We obtain his satisfaction by adding up the marginal utilities of income over the range of income a person possesses. We model migration from one reference group to another as a response to relative deprivation and satisfaction: We say that a strong incentive to migrate exists if relative deprivation decreases while satisfaction rises with migration and that a weak incentive exists if the individual increases or decreases his satisfaction and deprivation at the same time by migrating. We derive conditions under which different incentives, weak or strong, hold for different individuals. We obtain the result that in general the richest individual in a society will not have a strong incentive to migrate but may have a weak incentive to migrate, whereas the poorest individual may have a strong incentive to migrate and also a weak incentive to migrate. Our analysis enables us to explain several perplexing migratory phenomena, identify income inequality as a distinct explanatory variable of migration and establish an incentive to migrate in situations where the utility-social welfare approach does not.This is a revised version of Harvard University Migration and Development Program, Discussion Paper No. 20. We are indebted to an anonymous referee for helpful comments and suggestions.     

《阿拉坦汗传》中汉地“Brisdim ay-a qaγan”小考

众所周知,《阿拉坦汗传》(即《Altan qaγan-u tuγuji》)是一部主要记述十六世纪内蒙古土默特部首领阿拉坦汗一生军事和佛教业绩的珍贵历史文献,尤其是其佛教活动方面的记述更为详细,书中所出现的佛教人物也较多.本文试图在前人研究的基础上,对《阿拉坦汗传》中所出现的诸佛教人物之——汉地Brisdim cay-a qaγan进行简略的探讨,提出自己不成熟的看法.望前辈和同志们不吝赐教.     

中国银行体制的改革

中华人民共和国经济改革的步伐,已推进到结构演变的阶段,在有些方面取得了引人注目的成功。但是,在人们不大熟悉的领域,改革的影响也许还鞭长莫及,其中之一就是银行。中国银行体制的改革必然是复杂的,改革的结果对宏观经济政策和国内外私人与集体经济机构都将产生深远的影响。本文试图联系中国经济的最新转换和结构变化来探讨中国的银行改革,重点是考察近年来随着经济的迅速增长而更加充满活力和多样化的宏观管理中的银行系统的作用。     

犯罪的紧张理论和差别机会理论

一、他们缺乏通过合法手段实现合法目标的机会法国社会学家埃米尔·杜尔凯姆使用异常或失范的概念来解释越轨行为。一般认为,异常意味着在一定的社会条件下,例如在社会发生急剧变迁时期,传统的社会规范和规