作者意图理论再探

本文从J.R.塞尔(John R.Settle)的"言语一行为理论"(Speech-Act Theory,1969)出发重新探讨作者、文本及读者间错综复杂的关系.笔者以为作者的意图与文学批评在解释学意义上是密切相关的,但是我们有必要对作者意向性(intentionality)的多层次性深入探讨.为深入讨论"忠于作者"或"忠于文本"的种种迷思,笔者受塞尔的启示划分了三类作者意图和源自这三类意图的三个层次的阐释意义.由于"以言表意"(10cutionary)的意图(标示为意图1)归属于外延的公共领域.而"以言取效"(periocutionary)的意图(标示为意图3)只能透过仔细阅读(而非重建)文本来获得,相对来说问题不大;这两层意图对应到文学作品的外延意义(标示为意义1)及上下文与背景相关的意义(标示为意义3).本文主要探讨"以言行事"(il-locutionary)的意图(标示为意图2),因为这与读者的反馈间的关系较为复杂.尽管必须承认这些范畴经常僭越彼此的疆域.但是笔者本意不在严格的分门别类,而是提出探索作者意图和文学批评的一种新方法的可能性.     

社会保障中的干预主义与自由主义

社会保障作为一种制度安排,其属性当归社会经济制度,虽然其亦有明确的伦理、政治价值内涵,但其作为社会经济利益的分配制度属性确然。本文通过厘清与其直接相关的干预主义与自由主义主要流派之立场,以揭示各派对社会保障(制度)的共同支持性。     

法治概念的多样性与一致性——兼及中国法治研究方法的反思

当下中国的法治理论普遍强调法治的价值内涵,而政治哲学的差异和道德主张的不同导致了对法治的多样性理解。在影响较大的几种西方法治学说之间,有着较为明显的一致性理论倾向,即仅仅强调法治的形式内涵、工具内涵、程序内涵,而并不触及法治的外部价值诉求或政治理想。法治是一个实践的概念,道德上的理想与政治上的抱负是法律应担当的使命,而法治所关心的乃是法律统治地位的确立与法律的有效实现。将法治狭义地界定为形式意义上的一种社会政治实践方式,一方面使得这一概念作为分析工具获得了使用上的便利,另一方面十分有助于从这一"简单化"的概念出发开放出与法治有关的种种理论问题,有助于区分和探求法治的实践路径或实践模式,有助于关注到法治的工具合理性及其有限性,有助于总结和发掘不同历史时期、不同社会条件下人们对法治所寄予的价值期待的普遍性与特殊性,特别是确立当下中国法治实践的应有的价值目标。     

巴渝学术思想与人文资源考辨

巴渝地区有着悠久的历史,积淀了深厚的传统文化思想。古代巴地产生了原生形态的巫文化.巫文化中的占筮术与《易经》密切相关。两汉三国时期巴郡境内文士接受并吸纳了中原儒家学术思想,唐代诗人杜甫、刘禹锡流寓巴渝地区时的作品在文化、思想方面都具有深刻内涵,宋朝涪陵"易学"在中国学术史上占有重要地位。     

领取经济补偿金的行为应视为对解除通知书的认可

案情简介高某于2006年7月17日到某制药公司工作。2006年8月6日双方签订为期1年的劳动合同,期限自2006年7月17日至2007年7月16日。合同中未载明试用期及工资报酬的具体数额。作为劳动合同附件的聘用通知函写明,高某的月薪为7200元,试用期工资为5800元。     

地方政府强制拆迁的成本收益分析

我国地方政府在城市化进程中扮演着重要的角色。伴随城市化进程而来的是地方政府主导的强制拆迁行为。地方政府进行强制拆迁面临着有形成本、交易成本、风险成本和公信力成本;但与此同时,地方政府通过强制拆迁又可以获得"第二财政"收益、政绩收益、制度租金收益、灰色租金收益和威慑收益。地方政府之所以采取强制这样"非常规"的拆迁方式,是基于收益最大化或者至少预期拆迁收益大于预期拆迁成本的考虑,地方政府实施强制拆迁行为的动力源在于将收益为正并使之最大化。     

Enduring image: Capturing defining moments in crises

In today's media environment, crises are magnified as media events and are rich sites for the inception of images. Particular images, like a photograph or a sound bite are found to endure as representations of defining moments of crises. This study seeks to examine the concept of an enduring image, how it is engendered and how it impacts crisis communication efforts. The study utilizes five case studies of crisis with an inherent enduring image. An enduring image constitutes a prime representation of the accused in a given crisis. These images are loaded with symbolic potential and exhibit a sense of permanence in public consciousness. Understanding the implications of an enduring image can offer insights to organizations on how to better manage one's public and media image during or after a crisis. The study is arguably the first in examining the significance and potency of enduring images in crises.     

城市拥堵治理的症结与矫正思路

现阶段大城市的交通拥堵问题愈演愈烈,城市规划是远水难救近火,道路交通条件的每一次改善,都会引致新的拥堵。各种缓解拥堵的交通管制和服务措施,似乎都见效不大,究其原因是因为这些措施都把思路置于移动人方面．而忽视了人为什么要移动。从减少交通设施的需求入手,将生活地的住房置换到X-作地附近,可以大幅度减少通勤量,缓解交通压力。     

Examining the expertise,experience, and expedience of crisis consultants in Singapore

By most accounts, crisis preparedness in organizations globally has been appalling (0035 and 0250). The situation is no different in Singapore (Wu & Dai, 2001). With crisis expertise often lacking from within organizations, many resort to engaging public relations (PR) agencies to help. This study, which is inspired by Frandsen and Johansen's (2008) study in Denmark, aims to evaluate the contributions of consultants from PR agencies. Adapting indicators to assess professionalism proposed by Lages and Simkin (2003) and Sallot, Cameron and Lariscy (1997) and integrating them with variables from the contingency theory (Pang, Jin, & Cameron, 2010), this study seeks to examine: (1) the level of expertise of consultants in offering crisis management consultancy; (2) the level of experience of consultants offering crisis management consultancy; and (3) the value and expedience of the consultancy services offered. Findings showed that agencies in Singapore hired consultants based on skills such as writing, speaking and ability to manage the media. For some, lack of direct experience was compensated by in-house training. International agencies appeared to have an advantage over the local agencies by virtue of their access to expertise and knowledge from their international network. However, as the majority of agencies had only managed few crises, it was difficult to assess the value these consultants added. Studies examining consultants in PR agencies are rare. It is hoped this study would trigger research around the world.