印度的宗教文化观、政治渐进主义和经济发展

印度的实验既引起了人道主义者的兴趣,也引起了社会科学家的兴趣。也许任何一个发展中国家的政治领导人都没有如此长期地辩论过这样一个问题:怎么能够既获得现代化带来的经济成果,而又不损害传统社会结构的宗教文化基础?几乎从1921年圣雄甘地开始领导印度的民族运动时起,人们就怀疑是否能够说争取独立的目的仅仅是为了政治自由和经济发     

北美印第安人

首批印第安人从亚洲来到美洲大约在三万年以前。印第安人逐渐由北向南移动并定居在美洲各地。印第安人这个名称是探险家哥伦布给他们起的。哥伦布到达美洲时.他自认为已经驶抵印度。早期欧洲移民称印第安人为“红种人”,因为他们浅褐色的皮肤在阳光照射下看上去是红色的。     

印度的宗教文化观、政治渐进主义和经济发展(续)

一计划方针未能克服经济上的双重现象,这一点怎么解释呢?许多发展中国家都具有这种特点,我们可以举出一个明显的理由来说明这一特点。印度的人口在本世纪上半叶以每年大约1％的增长率增加了50％以上,在这以后的二十五年中则几乎翻了一番,达到每年增长2.5％的最高记录,而且一直保持着这一增长水平。总的说来,目前印度的人口比它的经济计划制订者们所能预计的要多出几乎1.5亿。此外,重工业或资本密集型工业能以少数劳动力达到很高的生产率,这就阻碍了就业机会的逐步扩大,而要吸收农村的大量失业人口,逐步扩大就业机会是必要的。这一趋势未受     

无运动的运动

追随卡西莱的现代哲学家和科学家把无运动的运动看作是研究自然的基本概念。他们认为自然是“完全可以为心灵所理解的”,所以他们把人安置在没有“任何说得上是外来的”规律的“社会或社会集团”中。在这样一个社会里,人的最终目的是按照他自己慧性的有限能力在重建世界。因此作者认为现代科学家在对待无运动的运动的概念的解释上有一定的成效,但是如果把它作为全面解释宇宙的基本原理的根据,我们得到的将是一个小小而又有限的慧性的“空洞宇宙”。与此相反,亚里士多德却认为自然界是“隐晦的”、“神秘的”,是人类慧性所不能捉摸的。他在研究自然和自然方法时,经常运用“艺术模仿自然”的原理。这样他就可以通过类比的手段去识别自然达到其目的某些方法。而且他还用这个推理来得出自然的活动有一个目的看法,所以他认为人得在神圣事物中找到他最终目的。人的幸福是从静观神圣原理中得来的。因此作者认为亚里士多德在他分析中用之于运动的那个累赘的、混乱的概念能够使他看到一个比人类更高的宇宙。     

谈美国儿童教育方法

“鼓励儿童致力于谋取他们所能得到的一切”对于很多美国儿童来说,很少要求他们要有同情心和能够替别人着想。人们着重于     

From disorganized capitalism to transnational fine tuning?: recent trends in wage development,industrial relations,and ‘work’ as a sociological category

The disorganization thesis concentrates upon globalization and market dynamics, which are believed to trigger the breakdown of any kind of institutional structures. The diversity of capitalism approach, by contrast, places much emphasis on the persistence of distinct paths of national economies. Referring to comparative data from the OECD and other sources it is shown that some variables indicate a robustness of national styles of capitalism. Others hint at resemblance: e.g. there is a striking synchronization of the overall and sectoral wage development, there is a significant decrease in industrial disputes, and the class composition tends to become more similar. A move beyond the disorganization thesis and diversity of capitalism approach is suggested. Special attention should be paid to the profound impacts of transnational institutions and knowledge carriers in the form of experts and guidelines.     

Principles that underpin effective school-based drug education

This study identifies the conceptual underpinnings of effective school-based drug education practice in light of contemporary research evidence and the practical experience of a broad range of drug education stakeholders. The research involved a review of the literature, a national survey of 210 Australian teachers and others involved in drug education, and structured interviews with 22 key Australian drug education policy stakeholders. The findings from this research have been distilled and presented as a list of 16 principles that underpin effective drug education. In broad terms, drug education should be evidence-based, developmentally appropriate, sequential, and contextual. Programs should be initiated before drug use commences. Strategies should be linked to goals and should incorporate harm minimization. Teaching should be interactive and use peer leaders. The role of the classroom teacher is central. Certain program content is important, as is social and resistance skills training. Community values, the social context of use, and the nature of drug harm have to be addressed. Coverage needs to be adequate and supported by follow-up. It is envisaged that these principles will provide all those involved in the drug education field with a set of up-to-date, research-based guidelines against which to reference decisions on program design, selection, implementation, and evaluation.     

Tobacco use and quit behaviors among delinquent youth: a pilot study

With rates of adolescent tobacco use steadily increasing over the past 20 years, assisting youth to quit, particularly those youth most susceptible to tobacco use, has become a national focus. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine and profile the smoking patterns of a small sample (n = 37) of juvenile offenders in Texas. In contrast to anecdotal reports, the sample group from this study did not differ clinically from the general population of adolescent tobacco users. Importantly, the study participants indicated previous attempts to stop smoking. The authors conclude that delinquent youth may be responsive to cognitive behavioral smoking cessation programs that also address the management of peer networks.     

Peer modeling and college men's sexually impositional behavior in the laboratory

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of peer modeling on sexually impositional behavior in the laboratory. Male participants with and without a self-reported history of sexually aggressive behavior viewed video clips depicting nonaggressive and sexually aggressive behavior and then chose one of the clips to show to a female confederate. Half of the participants were first exposed to a male confederate who showed the sexually aggressive video clip to a female confederate. The other half of the participants were exposed to a male confederate who showed a nonaggressive video clip to a female confederate. Exposure to a male confederate who showed a sexually aggressive video clip to a female was associated with participants choosing to engage in this same behavior. A self-reported history of sexually aggressive behavior was also associated with participants showing the sexually aggressive video clip in spite of believing the effect on the female viewer would be negative.