关于种族关系与民族关系的研究

社会学所追求的主要目标,不是具备精确地预测结局的能力,而是获得对社会状况的理解,这已言之有素了。假定我们知道了包含在一组特定事件中的变化无常的因素,我们就能从中引出结论并且作出若干合乎逻辑的推理来。把“理解”作为目标,这在关于种族关系和民族关系的研究工作中,比在其他任何地方都更为恰当。对于上面提出的这个问题,我们可以这样来认识,即当我们遇到经常演化出种种结局来的一系列复杂因素的时候,我们是可以     

肤色在美国黑人内部的影响日趋减弱

W·E·B·杜波伊斯在谈及20世纪初越来越按照严格的肤色线来划分种族时曾经预言:20世纪的历史在很大程度上是肤色界线的历史。在他写作的时代,美国对黑人的划分实际上存在着两条界线:一条是种族的分界线,用以区分白人以及来自非洲、定居在美国的黑人;另一条是以肤色的深浅形成的美国黑人内部分界线。这两条界线均对黑人的生活有着巨大的影     

美国印第安人政治经济和政治民族的适应与认同

毫无疑问,将来仍然有人试图以戏剧性的和象征性的炫耀行为来促进印第安人的团结。泛印第安主义仍是被分割的和不集中的政治运动,而由于泛印第安政治思想中的民族飞地已消除,有些部落仍处于相对自治的地位。此外,住在保留地和不住在保留地(或者说有地位和没有地位)的印第安人之间的共同利益很不清楚。这些现实情况都是对维持整体的挑战,它们也可以部分地说明,在其他一些国     

越南的叶坚族

叶坚族有 Die、Yeh、Dram、Langya、Brilar 和 Jeh Derale 等多个称谓,这些族称有时用来称呼整个民族或其中某一部分。了解这个与世隔绝的、尚未开化的民族,对于在他们中间进行活动是很有必要的。而且,有关叶坚族的准确资料对各种宗教和慈善事     

“红种人”的最后一战

“卧牛”、“黑狼”、“白云”、“巨足”以及其他既有诗意又引人着迷的绰号,并不是美国西部电影中虚构的英雄人物。这些名字,过去那些在苦难中煎熬并为本民族的事业而献身的人使用过;而今,那些为民族的生存和平等权力而斗争的人,同样也还在使用。简而言之,他们就是居住在北美的印第安人。生活在美国的这些“红种人”,     

1984年奥尔巴尼学术讨论会论文专辑 序言:走向二十一世纪的美国民族和种族

本专辑所汇集的论文,乃是1984年4月6—7日纽约州立大学在奥尔巴恺举行的“二十世纪后25年的民族和种族讨论会”的学术成果。此次讨论会的中心议题是探讨本世纪中期以来美国民族和种族的发展变化情况,并着眼其迈向本世纪末的轨道。     

Opportunities for woman-initiated HIV prevention methods among female sex workers in southern China

Rapid changes in China over the past two decades have led to significant problems associated with population migration and changing social attitudes, including a growing sex industry and concurrent increases in STIs and HIV. This article reports results of an exploratory study of microbicide acceptability and readiness and current HIV prevention efforts among female sex workers in two rural and one urban town in Hainan and Guangxi Provinces in southern China. The study focused on these women's knowledge and cultural understandings of options for protecting themselves from exposure to STIs and HIV, and the potential viability and acceptability of woman-initiated prevention methods. We report on ethnographic elicitation interviews conducted with women working within informal sex-work establishments (hotels, massage and beauty parlors, roadside restaurants, boarding houses). We discuss implications of these findings for further promotion of woman-initiated prevention methods such as microbicides and female condoms among female sex workers in China.     

Staying strong: gender ideologies among African-American adolescents and the implications for HIV/STI prevention

This paper explores adolescents' definitions of what it means to be a man and a woman, the psycho-social context surrounding the formation of gender ideologies and their relationship to HIV/STI prevention. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with fifty African-American adolescents living in Baltimore, Maryland. Female gender ideologies included economic independence, emotional strength and caretaking. Male gender ideologies emphasized financial responsibility, toughness and sexual prowess. Findings suggest that stronger adherence to male gender ideologies related to toughness and sexual prowess is influenced by male participants' perceived inability to fulfill their primary gender role as economic providers and the importance of gaining approval from male peers in the absence of adult male role models. Stronger adherence to female gender ideologies related to emotional strength and caretaking may be linked to a heightened desire for male intimacy and tolerance of male sexual risk behavior. Implications of the gender ideologies documented and their commonalities are discussed in terms of HIV/STI prevention.     

Designing out vulnerability, building in respect: violence, safety and sex work policy

One recent finding about the prostitution market is the differences in the extent and nature of violence experienced between women who work on the street and those who work from indoor sex work venues. This paper brings together extensive qualitative fieldwork from two cities in the UK to unpack the intricacies in relation to violence and safety for indoor workers. Firstly, we document the types of violence women experience in indoor venues noting how the vulnerabilities surrounding work-based hazards are dependent on the environment in which sex is sold. Secondly, we highlight the protection strategies that indoor workers and management develop to maintain safety and order in the establishment. Thirdly, we use these empirical findings to suggest that violence should be a high priority on the policy agenda. Here we contend that the organizational and cultural conditions that seem to offer some protection from violence in indoor settings could be useful for informing the management of street sex work. Finally, drawing on the crime prevention literature, we argue that it is possible to go a considerable way to designing out vulnerability in sex work, but not only through physical and organizational change but building in respect for sex workers rights by developing policies that promote the employment/human rights and citizenship for sex workers. This argument is made in light of the Coordinated Prostitution Strategy.     

Assessing the relevance of higher education courses

The establishment of the European Higher Education Area has involved specifying lists of professional competencies that programs are expected to develop, and with this the need for procedures to measure how every course within a higher education program is aligned with the program's competencies. We propose an instrument for characterizing this alignment, a process that we call assessing the relevance of a course. Using information from the course syllabus (objectives, contents and assessment scheme), our instrument produces indicators for characterizing the syllabus in terms of a competence list and for assessing its coherence. Because assessment involves quality, the results obtained can also be used to revise and improve the course syllabus. We illustrate this process with an example of a methods course from a mathematics teacher education program at a Spanish university.