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1.
From the inception of the proportional representation movement it has been an issue whether larger parties are favored at
the expense of smaller parties in one apportionment of seats as compared to another apportionment. A number of methods have
been proposed and are used in countries with a proportional representation system. These apportionment methods exhibit a regularity
of order, as discussed in the present paper, that captures the preferential treatment of larger versus smaller parties. This
order, namely majorization, permits the comparison of seat allocations in two apportionments. For divisor methods, we show
that one method is majorized by another method if and only if their signpost ratios are increasing. This criterion is satisfied
for the divisor methods with power-mean rounding, and for the divisor methods with stationary rounding. Majorization places
the five traditional apportionment methods in the order as they are known to favor larger parties over smaller parties: Adams,
Dean, Hill, Webster, and Jefferson.
Received: 5 August 2000/Accepted: 24 October 2001 相似文献
2.
设计了乙醇发酵与膜透析耦合系统并进行了试验研究.结果表明,该过程可减少产物乙醇对发酵的抑制作用,膜透析系统的乙醇总量比对照组提高20%~80%,基质转化率提高30%~80%. 相似文献
3.
4.
Uta Gerhardt 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):5-39
This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The
perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American
and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from
the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists
of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches
were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches
led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating
Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was
over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify
how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times,
were embedded in twentieth-century history. 相似文献
5.
In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called
” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors
examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging
in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and
economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs
all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help
may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject
to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court
decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws
but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are
not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers
may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees
who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations.
Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their
economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations.
Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’
and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors
with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments. 相似文献
6.
7.
本文报道了在LRH-250E型培养箱中对平均尾重0.2g和1.2g的虎鲨进行温度耐受性试验,并对均重1.2g的虎鲨做了pH耐受性研究。结果表明:尾重O.2g的虎鲨在驯化温度为20℃时,水温突变引起的致死高温为41℃,致死低温为14℃;尾重1.2g虎鲨在驯化温度为24℃时,水温突变引起的致死高温是42℃,致死低温为14.5℃。尾重1.2g虎鲨能够耐受的pH值其上限是11.51,下限是2.52。 相似文献
8.
Astrid Orthey 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2005,36(1):23-32
How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example. 相似文献
9.
高职教育课程教学体系改革的实践探索 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
陈海红 《陕西青年管理干部学院学报》2006,19(3):30-32
近年来在政府的扶持下,高职教育得到了大力的发展,现已成为高等教育的半壁江山。高职教育在现代社会发展、教师教育和教师专业化发展要求下则需要对现行的课程教学体系进行深层次的分析和改革,力求培养目标和规格符合人才发展要求,以为社会培养出大批优秀的具有应用型和实践性的高级技术人才。这一做法也同样适用其他高职类院校,具有很强的借鉴意义。 相似文献
10.
世界史如何从分散走向统一 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
陈海宏 《山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2002,47(1):35-38
世界近代史是人类社会发展转型的关键时期。 它推动人类历史从分散走向统一。这期间世界史出现了许多新的特点和丰富的内容,在 研究过程中学术界形成了许多新的观点与方法。 相似文献