乡约的诸属性及其文化原理认识

乡约是传统社会乡民基于一定的地缘和血缘关系,为某种共同目的而设立的生活规则及组织。乡约最初形成于中国,后传播至朝鲜半岛、日本和越南,成为东亚社会共同的法律文化传统。传统中国的乡约有其时空性、价值性和法律性。乡约不是国法,但在乡民的实际生活中发挥着法的作用,是中国传统社会秩序构造链中的重要一环,其内贯一极二元主从式多样化的文化原理,与传统中国社会的结构和文化理念相契合。近代以来,乡约总体上呈现出消解的趋势,但至今仍有各种流变形式,认真对待,合理改造,必有益于中国类型法治社会的建立。     

Editor's Note: What,Exactly, Is the Purpose of a Book Review?

Qualitative Sociology -     

Racial Differences in Abused Older African American Males, Caucasian Males, and their Abusers

This study examined racial differences between mistreated and abused older African American and Caucasian men. The racial and gender differences of their perpetrators were also examined. Data from a single elder abuse provider agency in the State of Illinois were analyzed. Differences with respect to physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, deprivation, confinement, and financial exploitation were examined, as were demographic characteristics and limitations of victims and abusers.     

英美TEFL的历史及其特征

本文简述了英美两国把英语作为外语教学(TEFL)的历史,并就英美两国的一些语言学家对于TEFL的贡献作了较详尽的描述。本文还谈及英美两国TEFL的历史特征,其中最重要的是语言学理论的研究在TEFL中的应用。     

服务台可修的多水平优先权排队(二)

文献[1]讨论了服务台可修的多水平优先权排队的排队指标。本文讨论该系统的可靠性指标。利用文献[3]中的随机序,获得了这些可靠性指标的界值。     

教师教育影响的特征及其启示

教师的教育影响是附属于教师个体的特殊的教育影响。它具有高效性、灵活性、感染性、示范性等特征。教师应充分认识这些特征, 在教育实践中做到教书育人相结合、身教与言教相结合、理论与实践相结合。     

对林业税费的经济学分析

该文运用经济学的基本工具———供给和需求曲线 ,以商品林为研究对象 ,探讨了林业税费的作用机理和内涵。该文认为商品林生产具有正的外部性 ,市场失灵使生产者将不能提供社会真正所需要的商品林数量。在封闭的市场条件下 ,林业税费会直接成为价格的一部分 ,商品林生产者应当能够获得正常利润 ,与税费高低无关 ,但会使一部分林地退出生产。林业补贴是一种负的林业税收。在开放市场经济条件下 ,国内商品林供应量低于没有林业税收时的商品林供应量 ,更低于考虑社会生态需求时的商品林供应量 ,造成巨大的社会福利损失 ,应减免林业税费、增加林业扶持、取消价格管制。该文进一步研究了与林业税费密切相关的森林采伐限额政策 ,认为对商品林应该完全取消采伐限额政策     

ALL-BIAS DESIGNS FOR POLYNOMIAL SPLINE REGRESSION MODELS

Polynomial spline regression models of low degree have proved useful in modeling responses from designed experiments in science and engineering when simple polynomial models are inadequate. Where there is uncertainty in the number and location of the knots, or breakpoints, of the spline, then designs that minimize the systematic errors resulting from model misspecification may be appropriate. This paper gives a method for constructing such all‐bias designs for a single variable spline when the distinct knots in the assumed and true models come from some specified set. A class of designs is defined in terms of the inter‐knot intervals and sufficient conditions are obtained for a design within this class to be all‐bias under linear, quadratic and cubic spline models. An example of the construction of all‐bias designs is given.     

利益相关者理论及其对战略管理的启示

利益相关者理论将对企业的战略管理产生深远的影响。企业应重新定位组织与环境的关系,并将利益相关者关系看作是竞争优势的新来源,从而变革战略理念和战略行动。