Culturally responsive teaching in China: instructional strategy and teachers’ attitudes

The aim of this study was to investigate the manner in which teachers facilitate the pedagogical process within a culturally diverse student population. The study focused on two primary schools in China; one located in a more fully developed city in eastern China (Case A), while the other was in a less developed city in rural western China (Case B). This allowed the researchers to compare and analyse the different instructional practices by means of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The findings indicate that: the teachers in Case A demonstrated overall affirmative attitudes towards ethnic minority cultures, as well as towards the students belonging to those cultures. However, the teachers also chose not to mention the specific ethnic identities and cultural differences of the students during the course of their instruction in order to ensure equal treatment for everyone. This leads to a kind of ‘cultural blindness’ in the classroom. In Case B, opinions regarding minority cultures were more varied. Compared with the teachers in Case A, more teachers in Case B found minority cultures to be inferior to the dominant Han culture. Some teachers also, counter intuitively, were of the opinion that the minority cultures were even superior. At the instructional level, school leadership developed courses on local culture and ethnicity for the teaching staff. This was done for a variety of reasons. The strongest evidence to support culturally responsive teaching in Case A does not stem from teaching and learning demands but from the necessity to pursue characteristics that make them distinctive from other schools at the same time, Case B’s practice of culturally responsive teaching was strongly supported by the government and UNICEF. Teachers in both schools indicated that they had integrated their knowledge of ethnic minority groups into the subject matter when it was necessary.     

我国农村群众性文化活动的衰落与农民社交困境

在我国传统的农耕社会,群众性的民俗活动以及亲友乡邻间节日及婚丧嫁娶时的走动往来承载着农民的社会交往,具有 强大的教育和文化整合功能。农耕社会农民之间社交纽带的本质是精神文化纽带而非经济利益纽带。近几十年,我国农村社 会格局发生显著变化,农民社交遭遇困境,群众性文化活动的衰落是重要原因,农村文化建设应该将繁荣群众性文化活动作为 着力点。     

禹步史料的历史民俗文献分析

对禹步史料的分析已有多种成果,但对禹步目前尚缺乏民俗文献学方面的研究.实际上,对禹步史料进行历史文献学与民俗学综合研究,可以有一些新的见解,包括禹步与大禹历史人物史料的关系、与数术民俗文献的关系以及与先秦社会史的关系等.     

印度东北与中国西南的民族志诗歌

印度东北与中国西南在地域上山水相连,相互之间的文化交流是非常密切的。这个区域里居住着众多的民族或族群,他们的文化相似性和可比性是很明显的。从跨国的视角来探寻文化互动或文化个性,这是一个理想的地域。这些不同民族或族群身份的诗人写作的民族志诗歌是探寻各自文化共性和个性的较好途径：虽然诗歌创作过程中采用不同的语言,印度东北的土著诗人通常用英语写作,中国西南少数民族诗人经常用汉语写作,但是这些诗人都受到了近代西方现代主义诗歌潮流的影响。同时,这些诗人的诗歌也受到了当下全球化的影响,比如本民族传统文化与文化教育现代化、全球生态环境日益恶化等等冲突的影响。因为受到了相似的影响,这个区域内的民族志诗歌的风格和肌理是可以比较的;诗歌的主题和内容也是可以展开对比研究的。     

文化融合与民族大学生国家认同教育

文化融合是一种客观的历史现象,也是现今的一种社会存在状态;是民族关系的重要内容,也是文化得以发展的重要途径。国家的概念则是近现代才从西方国家传入的新鲜产物,是生活在其地域范围内的人们对其所在国家的认识、评价与情感,主要表现于国家政治共同体和结构层面以及共同的中华民族的精神层面的认同。国家认同于国家本身、于个人都具有非常重要的意义,其中少数民族的国家认同问题显得尤为迫切。而国家认同教育是国家认同构建中的重要内容和方式。学校教育是建立国家认同的有效途径。我国的各民族的文化融合是少数民族国家认同教育的前提与基础、有力保障、表现形式,也是少数民族大学生国家认同教育的高级目标,具有重要的意义与深远的影响。我国也从中国的实际情况出发,并吸收了中国历来坚持＂和而不同＂处理民族关系的宝贵经验与优秀传统,制定出了相应的民族政策,坚定地保障民族文化融合,加强少数民族的国家认同教育,促进国家的稳定与团结。     

宗教事务依法管理的路径及基础——以四川藏区依法治理为视角

Under the situation that traditional beliefs have remained basically unchanged while the social economy has developed and population mobility has increased, with the trend of an in-creasing diversity in beliefs, and an increasing number of religious followers and temples, the management of religious affairs has become more difficult. In ethnic areas, the speed of moderniza-tion has accelerated, ethnic interactions are fre-quent, and the beneficial conflict or cultural con-flict among various ethnic groups has become nor-mal; the impact of modernity, ways of life, the value and ideals of the temples’ traditional culture and educational model brings new social pressure for the monks who are adapting to modernization, and making a leap in development while safeguard-ing traditional rituals, culture, religious education and development. The number of criminal cases involving monks has increased, which brings a strong negative influence to the religious followers in Tibetan areas. All these factors are directly in-fluencing the stability and harmonious development of the Tibetan areas. As the second-largest Tibetan area, the geo-graphical location of Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is u-nique. In ancient times, the policy of “keeping the Tibetan areas stable means keeping Kham sta-ble at first” had been an important measure for the central government to manage all of the Tibetan ar-eas. From the Qing dynasty to the present times, it still has a practical use, and even has special val-ue in the process of safeguarding the “long-term stability of Sichuan”, especially when the people have but a hazy understanding of the relationship between the freedom of faith and managing reli-gious affairs according to the law in Tibetan areas, and one needs to have a legal response to it. Hence, “keeping Kham stable” needs to depend on the law, and legal means should be taken to safeguard the harmony and stability of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan. Management of the religious affairs according to the law is an inevitable requirement for China to promote the goal of ruling the country by law, com-prehensively deepen reform, and promote the mod-ernization of the country’s governance system and capability. Based on an active response to the guidance principle of strengthening the manage-ment of religious affairs according to the law pro-posed by the Central Government, and the Sichuan Provincial Government, we should standardize reli-gious activities and affairs, insist on a combination of legal management and policy guidance, adopt various measures, search for a practicable path to realize the significant goal of managing the religious affairs according to the law in Tibetan areas of Si-chuan. This article proposes some methods of man-aging the religious affairs according to the law as follows:1 ) To insist on the CPC’s leadership in reli-gious work and management of religious affairs;2 ) to actively and reliably promote the systematic con-
struction of the legalization of religious affairs;3 ) to insist on the combination of legal management and policy guidance;4 ) to encourage the public to manage religious affairs according to law; 5 ) to standardize the scale and number of monks by u-sing new methods of management;6 ) to strengthen the role of the “four troops” ( Party and Govern-ment leading cadres,ethnic religious work cadres, ethnic minority cadres and talents, and religious believers ) , especially religious believers; 7 ) to make full use of the regulatory framework of the Buddhist community; 8 ) to create conditions for those monks who wish to return to secular life;9 ) to distinguish the boundary between normal and il-legal religious activities, between folk custom and extreme religious concepts; 10 ) to identify and distinguish between “monks and lay people”, and“ordinary cases and religious cases”. At present, there are four foundations for managing religious affairs according to the law:1 ) the idea that freedom of faith is not only one’s right, but also one’s duty has gradually enjoyed popular support;2 ) there is a good policy base for managing religious affairs according to the law;3 ) there is a relatively strong theoretical basis for managing religious affairs according to the law;4 ) there exists good legal support for managing reli-gious affairs according to the law.     

民族的血缘性及其在当代中国的演化

在中国历史和现实中,谈民族无论如何是和血缘分不开的.中国人有认祖归宗的传统,实质上就是一种血缘认同.基于此,我们对民族概念的界定,也应该从实际出发,回归到中国社会一般理解和运用的那种含义,而不必去跟随外来话语莫衷一是.民族具有血缘性,除了一部分真实之外,更大部分是出于认同需要的“血缘拟制”.民族过程的基本倾向之一是民族的血缘性不断下降,而反映这种变化的直观表现就是族际通婚.改革开放是中国各民族交往交流交融最为深刻的时期,也是中国各民族的血缘性得到最为深刻改造的时期.无论是对照以往的调查资料还是经验观察,都可知当前我国族际婚姻的数量在增多,范围在扩大.族际通婚的增加淡化了各民族自身的血缘性,却增添了各民族之间血缘的联通性.各民族通过族际通婚将自己的血缘扩散到其他民族的过程,也就是中华各民族之间的血缘联系得到更为巩固的过程.     

基于生态足迹模型的川西北高原地区可持续发展的耦合路径分析

在2010年国务院发布的《全国主体功能规划》中,川西北高原地区被确定为限制开发区和禁止开发区,成为国家重要的生态功能区之一。由此,在“生态保护”和“限制开发”的前提下,如何推进该地区经济社会的可持续发展,是各级地方党委政府必须面对和研究并解决好的重要问题之一。为此,本文以川西北重点生态功能区——红原县为例,运用生态足迹模型,对该区域自然资源的利用情况和自然生态系统的供给能力进行剖析,进一步分析了该区域的可持续发展状况,找出可持续发展中存在的主要问题和构成要素。在此基础上,以生态系统和经济发展系统相互耦合为视角,提出川西北高原地区可持续发展的耦合路径及对策建议。     

系统工程思想视角下三产融合振兴民族村落的路径——基于贵州批林村的经验探索

农村三产融合是一个由多种要素组成的系统工程。研究基于对贵州花溪区批林村的田野调查,发现：目前批林村对三产融合进行探索的电农融合、工农融合和文旅融合项目在实施过程中存在一些阻碍,具体包括发展资金较为匮乏,基础设施难以建设;技术渗透能力不强,新型产业难以发展;村落建设人才短缺,项目规划难以推进;三产融合程度较浅,产业增值难以实现;利益联结机制欠缺,农民利益难以保障等。针对批林村现实存在的典型问题,基于系统工程思想的指导,研究为三产融合振兴民族村落构建出以下发展路径：一是完善系统顶层设计,统筹三产融合发展思路;二是精准定位发展要素,抓住三产融合关键环节;三是合理布局结构关系,优化三产融合整体功能;四是创新融合发展方式,实现三产融合系统升级;五是加强后续保障机制,促进三产融合稳步运营。     

民族记忆与文化基因：“斡包节”的文化意蕴及其现代传承

传统节日是我国各民族重要的标志性文化,是中华文化的重要组成部分。达斡尔族的“斡包节”是集民间信仰、传统文化和现代多种文明等多元文化因子为一体的复合型文化活动。作为达斡尔族传统文化的重要组成部分,“斡包节”蕴含着丰富的价值意蕴：敬畏自然的人文伦理、增强民族认同和凝聚力的纽带、弘扬民族文化和促进经济发展的重要载体、铸牢中华民族共同体意识的重要路径等。深入挖掘“斡包节”的积极因素,唤醒达斡尔族节日文化的民族记忆,传承民族文化基因,树立和突出各民族共享的中华文化符号,不仅有利于提升各民族的自我认知,增强民族凝聚力,而且对推动各民族交往交流交融,增进中华民族文化认同,从而铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要的现实意义。