语言研究中的离散性和连续性概念

离散性和连续性是语言研究中常常使用的两个概念,反映了人们观察和认识世界的不同方式.按照Talmy 的说法,如果对一个数量体形成的概念是在其构成整体中有分离或中断的情况,这个数量体就是离散性的;否则,对这个数量体形成的概念就是连续性的,即在其构成整体中没有分离或中断的情况.本文在Langacker等人研究的基础上,从语言中体现的离散性和连续性出发,强调了这两个概念的认知体验基础,探讨了这两个概念在语言研究中的应用.     

关于“企业年金”称谓的商榷

"企业年金"的实质是企业职工为退休养老所计划安排并投资积累的资产,与商业保险公司的"年金"保险产品有着根本性的区别。此外,"企业年金"这一称谓不仅与国际上惯用的"企业养老金"不一致,而且从字面上也不包含养老金的退休养老的特质,容易引起不必要的混淆和误会。本文旨在挑战"企业年金"这一习惯称谓,认为将"企业补充养老保险"更名为"企业年金"不够妥当,并指出其更准确的名称应当是"企业养老金"。     

也谈生产、销售伪劣产品罪的销售金额

本文从《刑法》第140条的“销售金额”展开论述,讨论了其出现的原因,并结合最高人民法院的司法解释中提出的“货值金额”以及对本罪未遂形态的认定．阐释了由于销售金额而引发的一系列理论矛盾,并结合选择性罪名的一些基本问题,提出了重构生产、销售伪劣产品罪的观点。     

不确定条件下的IT外包时机选择问题研究

IT外包的业务环境、技术环境和需求的不确定性往往会引起IT服务成本的不确定性。针对IT服务成本的不确定性和IT外包投资的不可逆性,运用传统净现值方法和实物期权方法比较固定价格合同、成本加成定价合同和收益共享合同3种常见合同的外包临界值,分析3种合同下客户企业的等待价值,并讨论客户企业推迟外包情形时的等待时间。研究结果表明,实物期权方法得出的外包临界值高于净现值方法得出的外包临界值;等待价值随无风险利率的增大而减小,随漂移率、变动率的增大而增大;当漂移率与变动率平方的比值大于二分之一时,客户企业选择外包的期望等待时间受无风险利率、漂移率和变动率的影响,其他情形下客户企业的期望等待时间不受无风险利率、漂移率和变动率的影响。研究结论为不确定条件下客户企业外包与否和外包时机的选择提供理论支持和实践指导。     

Interstate migration of the US poverty population: Immigration “pushes” and welfare magnet “pulls”

This study evaluates the social and demographic structure of poverty migration during the 1985–90 period based on an analysis of recent census data. Particular attention is given to the roles of two policy-relevant factors that are proposed to be linked to poverty migration. The first of these is the role of immigration from abroad and its effect on the net out-migration of longer-term residents with below-poverty incomes, from States receiving the highest volume of immigrants. Such a response, it is argued, could result from job competition or other economic and social costs associated with immigration. The second involves the poverty population magnet effect associated with State welfare benefits (AFDC and Food Stamp payments) which has come under renewed scrutiny in light of the impending reform of the federal welfare program. The impact of both of these factors on interstate poverty migration is evaluated in a broader context that takes cognizance of other sociodemographic subgroups, and State-level attributes that are known to be relevant in explaining internal migration. This research employs an exceptionally rich data base of aggregate migration flows, specially tabulated from the full migration sample of the 1990 US census (based on the residence 5 years ago question). It also employs an analysis technique, the nested logit model, which identifies separately the push and pull effects of immigration, welfare benefits, and other State attributes on the migration process. Our findings are fairly clear. The high volume of immigration to selected US Statesdoes affect a selective out-migration of the poverty population, which is stronger for whites, Blacks and other non-Asian minorities as well as the least-educated. These results are consistent with arguments that internal migrants are responding to labor market competition from similarly educated immigrants. Moreover, we found that the impact of immigration occurs primarily as a push rather than a reduced pull. In contrast, State welfare benefits exert only minimal effects on the interstate migration of the poverty population—either as pulls or pushes, although some demographic segments of that population are more prone to respond than others. In addition to these findings, our results reveal the strong impact that a State's racial and ethnic composition exerts in both retaining and attracting migrants of like race and ethnic groups. This suggests the potential for a greater cross-state division in the US poverty population, by race and ethnic status.Data Used: 1990 US census tabulations of full migration (residence 5 years ago) sample. Note: Detailed 1990 census statistics on migration of the poverty and nonpoverty populations for individual states can be found in: William H. Frey Immigration and Internal Migration for US States: 1990 Census Findings by Poverty Status and Race, Population Studies CenterResearch Report No. 94-320.This research is supported by the University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty Small Grants Program and by NICHD grant No. R01 HD29725. The migration data for this paper were prepared at the Population Studies Center, University of Michigan from 1990 US Census files. The authors acknowledge Cathy Sun for computer programming assistance, and Ron Lue-Sang for preparing maps and graphics.     

[The movement of rural labor and the establishment of small towns as suggested by factors of production].]

The movement of the labor force from rural areas into urban areas, specifically into small cities and towns, is examined using data from a survey of the Yiyang area of China. It is noted that a surplus in the agricultural labor force has resulted from changes in agricultural productivity. Consequently, the authors point out, farmers are either transferring from rural areas into industrial and service sectors in small cities and towns or are remaining in the rural areas to be employed by collective enterprises. Advantages and disadvantages of these trends are discussed.     

基于价值模式的商业集团企业内部控制建设——沃尔玛的经验分析

内部控制不能仅仅理解为信息保障机制,而更应该理解为企业价值管理工具,大型商业集团连锁经营的核心就是要建立一套行之有效的内部控制体系,以实现商业活动的标准化、统一化、专业化和简单化。从企业价值模式角度来看,内部控制是嵌合于其中的一套运营和管理体系,所以内部控制建设应该以价值模式为基础。本文以沃尔玛公司为例说明商业集团企业如何围绕价值模式建设内部控制体系,以期为中国商业集团企业提供有益借鉴。     

和谐语境中的中国公民社会建设

20世纪90年代以来,随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立与发展,中国的公民社会开始兴起,并促进了公民社会理论的发展。同时和谐的社会发展理念在近年也得到长足的发展。本文立足于当代中国和谐语境中的公民社会议题,回顾了公民社会的理论和现状,分析了中国公民社会对于社会和谐发展所起到的现实意义,并着重阐述了目前公民社会组织建设中存在的问题及针对性的解决措施和建议。     

Social control correlates of arrest behavior among homeless youth in five U.S. cities

This study identified homelessness, substance use, employment, and mental health correlates of homeless youths' arrest activity in 5 cities. Two hundred thirty-eight street youth from Los Angeles, Austin, Denver, New Orleans, and St. Louis were recruited using comparable sampling strategies. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression results reveal that being arrested for criminal activity is associated with length of homelessness, history of juvenile detention and incarceration, receiving income from theft, substance abuse, and mental illness. Arrests are also associated with interactions between lack of formal employment income and receiving income from theft and between drug and alcohol abuse/ dependency. Understanding the health and situational factors associated with homeless youths' delinquent activity has implications for providing more comprehensive health, mental health, and substance abuse services.     

对国内城市照明系统节能减排监管的思考

城市照明节能减排是我国构建"资源节约型、环境友好型"社会的迫切要求,在这一新形势下,如何对城市照明进行有效监管是我国各地区各城市照明主管部门值得深思的问题.该文分析当前在城市照明节能减排过程中所遇到的突出问题,对如何提高城市照明节能减排的监管水平提出对策建议.