十九世纪滇藏关系解释范式的反思

针对近年来中国边疆与族群研究中的偏重国家与地方精英的二元取向,本文强调汉藏边缘的地方能动性,不仅从边疆的一般性与汉藏边缘的特殊性来揭示族群交汇的特征,也对清末针对少数民族和与少数民族交往的相关政策中的语汇进行分析;在方法上,本文借用"藏彝走廊"的概念探讨西南边疆的族群互动问题。     

中央治理与地方策略:杂谷土司与明中央关系研究

在边疆土司与中央的关系中,中央王朝的"绝对权威性"占主导地位,但因不同地区、不同地方首领对朝廷提出的典章制度的理解和实施程度不同,地方的"相对能动性"改变着制度的执行。因此,运用互动视角对杂谷土司的设立、明中央的治理以及杂谷地方^①对管理制度的灵活应对进行研究,显得更为客观。梳理相关史料不难发现,朝贡是明中央与杂谷土司互动交往的主要途径。双方在朝贡人数等方面,以明廷在管理上的宽缓而告终。需要指出,这是出于加强对西南少数民族地区治理的政治考量,体现了明中央落实朝贡制度的差异性,呈现出明中央与边疆土司的特殊关系。     

Risk Management of Domino Effects Considering Dynamic Consequence Analysis

Domino effects are low‐probability high‐consequence accidents causing severe damage to humans, process plants, and the environment. Because domino effects affect large areas and are difficult to control, preventive safety measures have been given priority over mitigative measures. As a result, safety distances and safety inventories have been used as preventive safety measures to reduce the escalation probability of domino effects. However, these safety measures are usually designed considering static accident scenarios. In this study, we show that compared to a static worst‐case accident analysis, a dynamic consequence analysis provides a more rational approach for risk assessment and management of domino effects. This study also presents the application of Bayesian networks and conflict analysis to risk‐based allocation of chemical inventories to minimize the consequences and thus to reduce the escalation probability. It emphasizes the risk management of chemical inventories as an inherent safety measure, particularly in existing process plants where the applicability of other safety measures such as safety distances is limited.     

20世纪80年代末以来的中国西藏新闻研究综述

文章从西藏古代新闻传播研究、西藏近现代新闻传播研究、西藏当代新闻传播研究以及西藏新闻研究特点及问题等几个方面,对近20年来中国西藏新闻研究进行了比较全面的回顾和总结.     

南京国民政府蒙藏委员会治藏措施评述

作为南京国民政府管理蒙藏事务的最高机构,蒙藏委员会基于对民国时期藏事的认识,采取了一系列治藏措施.由于当时国际、国内形势的影响,蒙藏委员会的相关措施不可避免地带有时代烙印和局限性,但是从中央政府坚持对藏主权、维护边疆稳定等方面所发挥的作用来看,具有重要的现实意义.     

Risk Analysis of Dust Explosion Scenarios Using Bayesian Networks

In this study, a methodology has been proposed for risk analysis of dust explosion scenarios based on Bayesian network. Our methodology also benefits from a bow‐tie diagram to better represent the logical relationships existing among contributing factors and consequences of dust explosions. In this study, the risks of dust explosion scenarios are evaluated, taking into account common cause failures and dependencies among root events and possible consequences. Using a diagnostic analysis, dust particle properties, oxygen concentration, and safety training of staff are identified as the most critical root events leading to dust explosions. The probability adaptation concept is also used for sequential updating and thus learning from past dust explosion accidents, which is of great importance in dynamic risk assessment and management. We also apply the proposed methodology to a case study to model dust explosion scenarios, to estimate the envisaged risks, and to identify the vulnerable parts of the system that need additional safety measures.     

Application of Graph Theory to Cost‐Effective Fire Protection of Chemical Plants During Domino Effects

In the present study, we have introduced a methodology based on graph theory and multicriteria decision analysis for cost‐effective fire protection of chemical plants subject to fire‐induced domino effects. By modeling domino effects in chemical plants as a directed graph, the graph centrality measures such as out‐closeness and betweenness scores can be used to identify the installations playing a key role in initiating and propagating potential domino effects. It is demonstrated that active fire protection of installations with the highest out‐closeness score and passive fire protection of installations with the highest betweenness score are the most effective strategies for reducing the vulnerability of chemical plants to fire‐induced domino effects. We have employed a dynamic graph analysis to investigate the impact of both the availability and the degradation of fire protection measures over time on the vulnerability of chemical plants. The results obtained from the graph analysis can further be prioritized using multicriteria decision analysis techniques such as the method of reference point to find the most cost‐effective fire protection strategy.     

二十世纪二十年代邦达昌家族历史叙事与拉萨的政治斗争

本文以1920年邦达列江被谋杀的著名悬案为起点,讨论20世纪初拉萨转型期西藏精英阶层的财富、地位、地方认同与权力斗争问题。本文关注的是历史的事实与意义、记忆的作用和历史的阐释机制,以及事件背后所隐含的文化、社会与政治场景。     

Euclidean movement minimization

We consider a class of optimization problems called movement minimization on euclidean plane. Given a set of \(m\) nodes on the plane, the aim is to achieve some specific property by minimum movement of the nodes. We consider two specific properties, namely the connectivity (Con) and realization of a given topology (Topol). By minimum movement, we mean either the sum of all movements (Sum) or the maximum movement (Max). We obtain several approximation algorithms and some hardness results for these four problems. We obtain an \(O(m)\)-factor approximation for ConMax and ConSum and extend some known result on graphical grounds and obtain inapproximability results on the geometrical grounds. For the Topol problems (where the final decoration of the nodes must correspond to a given configuration), we find it much simpler and provide FPTAS for both Max and Sum versions.     

以人为本理念下的中国少数民族发展权

以人为本的理念是当代人权中的发展权核心价值的集中体现;是当代人权视阈下发展权的中国式表达。对中国少数民族而言,以人为本的发展理念是其人权保障的理论基础,是促进中国各民族繁荣与发展的指导思想;中国共产党在新中国的发展实践一直以来就是不断促进人权的实践,不断探索保障发展权的实践。大量数据和事实说明,中国少数民族的发展是在国际人权保障视阈下的发展,其发展权还在不断发展中。