Technische Ineffizienz als Ergebnis rationalen Entscheidungsverhaltens

In this paper, we discuss several approaches that explain why technical inefficiencies may result from rational decision-making. The reasons behind the rational inefficiencies discussed are (1) individuals using their discretionary space in order to maximise their own instead of their organisation's objective function, (2) input slacks having value in the sense that they can be used to produce outputs that are not yet accounted for by the enterprise's production function, (3) decision makers maximising a profit function that is – due to specific market conditions – non-monotonic with respect to the quantities of inputs and outputs involved in the production process, and (4) a manager choosing a technically inefficient combination of working pace and working time in a service production process in order to maximise his individual utility function. All these approaches demonstrate that, contrary to the assumption in traditional production theory, technical efficiency is not a prerequisite for optimality. Hence, thoughtlessly applying the traditional quantity-based efficiency criterion for the pre-selection of production alternatives may lead to suboptimal results.     

Erfassung von Synergieeffekten von Projekten des Public Social Private Partnership (PSPP)

In this article performance measurements and synergy effects of Public Social Private Partnerships are estimated. After an overview on the literature on different definitions, subject and efficiency of Public Private Partnerships and especially of Public Social Private Partnerships, a methodical approach for measuring performance and synergies is developed. This approach is based on the concept of the Cobb/Douglas production function and it can be interpreted as the standardized Nash solution of cooperative games. The micro theoretical approach is analyzed with regard to its assumptions, implications and consequences and subsequently applied to the PSPP project initiated by the Bertelsmann Stiftung. The empirical analysis is based on a survey among the cooperation partners of the project Anschub.de, in which data on the resources and budgetary contributions of the cooperation partners were collected. By means of the budgetary contributions relative performance measurements and synergy effects respectively can be investigated for the partners.     

Die Dynamik von Führung, Vertrauen und Konflikt in virtuellen Teams

The importance of virtual teams for collaboration of globally networked organizations has long been debated. But although this new form of division of labor appears in nearly all companies, which poses special challenges to managers and team members, scientific findings and recommendations have not sufficiently been integrated into practice so far. This article discusses on the one hand the challenges and opportunities of virtual teams, on the other hand wants by the presenting of scientific findings both provide food for thought, as well as concrete recommendations for implementation in practice.     

Skills of novices early trained or traditionaly trained versus experienced drivers confronted to simulated urban accidents' scenarios

In order to prevent the over-representation of young drivers in car crashes, France instated an early driver training from the age of 16, but the positive effects of this opportunity have not yet been proven. Three groups of male drivers (12 subjects each) were confronted with some prototypical accident scenarios introduced in a simulated urban circuit. The first and second groups were composed of young drivers having less than one month of driving licence; twelve have had a traditional learning course, and twelve had followed, in addition to the initial course, an early driver training under the supervision of an adult. The third group was composed of experienced drivers. Strategies of the three groups were analyzed through their response time, speed and maneuvers. No difference appeared across groups regarding obstacle detection. But traditionally-trained drivers' position control was more conservative than the two others groups, which were more likely to involve efficient evasive action. The exposure gained during early training could thus increase the development of visuo-motor coordination and involve better skills in case of difficult situations. Others accidents' scenarios could be used to confront young drivers with difficult situations not commonly encountered in natural driving.     

Low skeletal muscle mass index is associated with function and nutritional status in residents in a Turkish nursing home

Introduction: To determine the prevalence of low muscle mass (LMM) and the relationship between LMM with functional and nutritional status as defined using the LMM evaluation method of European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) criteria among male residents in a nursing home.

Methods: Male residents aged?>60 years of a nursing home located in Turkey were included in our study. Their body mass index (BMI) kg/m², skeletal muscle mass (SMM-kg) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI-kg/m²) were calculated. The participants were regarded as having low SMMI if they had SMMI?<9.2?kg/m² according to our population specific cut-off point. Functional status was evaluated with Katz activities of daily living (ADL) and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). Nutritional assessment was performed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). The number of drugs taken and chronic diseases were recorded.

Results: One hundred fifty-seven male residents were enrolled into the study. Their mean age was 73.1?±?6.7 years with mean ADL score of 8.9?±?2.0 and IADL score of 8.7?±?4.6. One hundred twelve (71%) residents were aged?>70 years. Thirty-five men (23%) had low SMMI in group aged?>60 years, and twenty-eight subjects (25%) in the group aged?>70 years. MNA scores were significantly lower in residents with low SMMI compared with having normal SMMI (17.1?±?3.4 versus 19.6?±?2.5, p?=?0.005). BMI was significantly lower in the residents with low SMMI compared with normal SMMI (19.6?±?2.7 versus 27.1?±?4.1, pcores were significantly different between residents with low SMMI and normal SMMI in those aged >70 years (8.1?±?2.6 versus 9.1?±?1.6, p?=?0.014). In regression analyses, the only factor associated with better functional status was the lower age (p?=?0.04) while the only factor associated with better nutrition was higher SMMI (p?=?0.01).

Conclusions: Low SMMI detected by LMM evaluation method of EWGSOP criteria is prevalent among male nursing home residents. There is association of low SMMI with nutritional status and probably with functional status within the nursing home setting using the EWGSOP criteria with Turkish normative reference cut-off value.     

收入差距测度及分解方法述评(英文)

本文按研究对象将收入差距划分为总体收入差距和组群收入差距两大类,从收入不平等、极化和组群收入差距三个层面梳理了收入差距的测度及其分解方法。其中,收入不平等侧重于对总体收入差距的刻画;极化着眼于收入分布中的“聚集”或“扎堆”现象,其衡量指标大体上可分为两极分化测度指标和多极分化测度指标。在收入差距的分解上,Shapley分解和组群收入差距的分布分解方法都是较为前沿的研究领域。文章还强调了各种收入差距衡量指标或分解方法的适用性和针对性,以便有的放矢地选用合适的相关指标和方法,更精准地探寻收入差距的成因。     

创业网络规模与质量对创业资源获取的影响——基于创业阶段的分析*

创业网络是由与创业过程中创业者或新创企业发生联系的不同主体构成的社会网络,包括创业者个体网络和组织间网络两个层面。创业网络规模和质量对创业者创业活动具有直接重要影响,这种影响主要通过对创业资源获取渠道与机会的作用发生。通过回顾国内外创业网络及创业资源获取方面的研究文献,从创业阶段划分视角分析创业网络规模和质量对创业资源获取的影响机制,并以蒙牛的案例进行实证分析,最后提出了对策建议。     

东晋中期的两大文学集团

东晋中期的政坛中存在着两大势力群,即盘踞荆襄的桓温政治集团与代表司马王室的司马昱政治集团。桓温与司马昱都爱好文学,招纳才士,围绕他们形成了两大文学集团。两大文学集团之间既有对抗,也有交流,深刻地影响了东晋文坛的格局。它们改变了当时文人的生活,促进了各种文学活动的展开,更对玄言诗的发展起到了推波助澜的作用。     

杜绝死刑冤假错案十论

近年来在我国司法实践中,有关死刑的冤假错案频频发生,这一现象引起了众多专家学者的关注和思考。针对目前司法实践中存在的问题,我们必须树立"以人为本"、"生命至上"的理念,在司法工作中切实贯彻落实科学发展观;切实做好入罪的甄别工作,防止以"假事实"掩盖"真事实"而按"假事实"对行为人定罪,严禁以所谓的高科技手段进行所谓的心理测试;坚定地执行"疑罪从无"的原则,赋予犯罪嫌疑人以沉默权;应当不断提高侦查讯问程序的透明度,强化对侦查讯问活动有效的内部监督和有力的外部监督,坚决排除刑讯所取得的嫌疑人供述,减少冤假错案发生的几率;切实推行错案追究和"行政问责"制度,对于酿成错案的有关人员给予严厉制裁,加大对司法腐败的惩治力度。     

Gruppen leiten und beraten

Coaching and leading of groups is on one hand a basal competence in higher education, on the other hand it makes high demands to academic developers, who as ??new professionals?? support the development of this competence. The following contribution is concerned with a continuous education for professional academic developers, which places with this objective coaching as consultation format and methodology for leading groups in the center. This program, conceptualized by the authors, is the first of its kind in Germany. It started at the center for higher education of the Technical University Dortmund in April 2011 and will be completed in June 2012.