澳大利亚土著艺术

由于澳大利亚土著人善于使用象征性手法,就几乎很难把土著人的艺术与其手艺、宗教和巫术截然分开。大多数艺术表现形式都涉及图腾祖先崇拜的神话传说。土著人制作的各种器具不仅只是为了使用,而且是经过精心制作的装饰品。一个手工艺人制作一     

“邦达昌”在康定设立商号后的第二次复兴

十三世达赖喇嘛时期,"邦达昌"是较早开始经营中国西藏与英印贸易的藏族大商家之一,西藏地方政府把出口英印的西藏羊毛列为专卖商品,"邦达昌"家族成为当时西藏地方政府经营羊毛的代理商。十三世达赖喇嘛圆寂后,"邦达昌"开始转向中国内地与西藏之间的贸易,并于1940年由邦达.多吉在康定设立了"邦达昌"商号,原来的中国西藏与英印贸易扩大到中国西藏、内地、英印三地,使"邦达昌"的经营规模比原来大了很多。而且,最重要的是"邦达昌"为汉、藏之间建立起良好的经济联系,从而促使汉、藏之间政治、文化关系的进一步发展并充当战略性先导,在客观上为后来顺利和平解放西藏作出了巨大贡献。因此,此段历史对于"邦达昌"来讲是第二次复兴。     

Assessing the relevance of higher education courses

The establishment of the European Higher Education Area has involved specifying lists of professional competencies that programs are expected to develop, and with this the need for procedures to measure how every course within a higher education program is aligned with the program's competencies. We propose an instrument for characterizing this alignment, a process that we call assessing the relevance of a course. Using information from the course syllabus (objectives, contents and assessment scheme), our instrument produces indicators for characterizing the syllabus in terms of a competence list and for assessing its coherence. Because assessment involves quality, the results obtained can also be used to revise and improve the course syllabus. We illustrate this process with an example of a methods course from a mathematics teacher education program at a Spanish university.     

Development and evaluation of the physical activity questionnaire for elderly Japanese: the Nakanojo study

The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese (PAQ-EJ) is a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for elderly Japanese; the authors report here on its repeatability and direct and indirect validity. Reliability was assessed by repeat administration after 1 month. Direct validation was based on accelerometer data collected every 4 s for 1 month in 147 individuals age 65-85 years. Indirect validation against a 10-item Barthel index (activities of daily living [ADL]) was completed in 3,084 individuals age 65-99 years. The test-retest coefficient was high (r = .64-.71). Total and subtotal scores for lower (transportation, housework, and labor) and higher intensity activities (exercise/sports) were significantly correlated with step counts and durations of physical activity <3 and >or=3 METs (r = .41, .28, .53), respectively. Controlling for age and ADL, scores for transportation, exercise/sports, and labor were greater in men, but women performed more housework. Sex- and ADL- or age-adjusted PAQ-EJ scores were significantly lower in older and dependent people. PAQ-EJ repeatability and validity seem comparable to those of instruments used in Western epidemiological studies.     

Widowhood,family size,and post-reproductive Mortality: a comparative Analysis of three populations in Nineteenth-Century Europe

Researchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects oJ childbearing on parents 'postreproductive longevity. The "disposable soma theory" argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. "Maternal depletion" models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother's health.     

财经类高校统计专业本科培养目标和课程设置研究

文章提出了授予经济学学士学位的财经类高校统计学专业的总目标是 :培养适应社会主义市场经济和信息化社会所需要的复合型高素质统计专门人才。其课程设置应遵循宽口径、厚基础、重应用、突出自身特点的原则 ,在此原则下构造了课程体系 ,提出了师资队伍和教材建设、教学内容、教学方法、教学手段和考试方法改革的意见     

新旧“大历史”：前提假设、范围与可能性

近年来,大卫·克里斯蒂安等人已经将“大历史”提升为一种研究过去的新方法。本文将大历史与旧大历史、也就是“普遍史”传统并列。“新”大历史或者以一种连续的神学为基础,或者建立在一种唯物主义形式之上,这种唯物主义被看作人类历史决定因素,或者起源于两者多少有些矛盾的混合。新旧大历史例示的“大跨度历史”与其说是对历史知识的贡献,不如说是这种或那种世界观的叙述化过程。在区分最大跨度历史与“仅仅是”大跨度历史过程中,在历史书写过程中满足大跨度历史要求的更好方法是更适度的尝试,例如,大跨度比较史、网络与交流史、专题史和现代化史。     

观照小说世界,发掘人性的闪光点——品《祝福》中祥林嫂人物形象

祥林嫂是鲁迅创造的经典人物形象之一,她在小说世界里,被封建礼教迫害致死,但作为一个普通的农村妇女,她几次试图与命运对抗,尽管失败,所体现的人性的光辉,依然值得称赞。     

小学语文学习关键在积累

小学语文教育低、中、高三个学段的基础教育,是培养学生语文核心素养的关键时期：“语文素养是学好其他课程的基础。语文课程的多重功能和奠基作用,决定了它在九年义务教育阶段的重要地位。作为语文教师,必须正确把握语文教育的特点,积极倡导自主、合作、探究的教学方式,“培养学生热爱祖国语文的思想感情,指导学生正确地理解和运用祖国语文,丰富语言的积累,培养语感,发展思维,使他们具有适应实际需要的识字写字能力,阅读能力,写作能力,口语交际能力。”要使学生真正具备这些语文素养,关键在积累。     

素质教育背景下如何培养学生良好的写作习惯

从写作教学来看,学生写作能力的培养需要一个长久的过程,而对于小学生来说语文学习中最为缺乏的就是耐心和恒心。所以,实际教学中,教师要以此为着力点进行教学策略的制定。本文中我就针对培养学生良好的写作习惯展开探究,谈谈小学语文作文教学中如何构建学生的恒心和毅力。