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961.
The reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler (Green in Biometrika 82:711–732, 1995) has become an invaluable device for Bayesian practitioners. However, the primary difficulty with the sampler lies with the
efficient construction of transitions between competing models of possibly differing dimensionality and interpretation. We
propose the use of a marginal density estimator to construct between-model proposal distributions. This provides both a step
towards black-box simulation for reversible jump samplers, and a tool to examine the utility of common between-model mapping
strategies. We compare the performance of our approach to well established alternatives in both time series and mixture model
examples. 相似文献
962.
A. A. Sautkin 《Social Identities》2016,22(6):661-677
In cultural studies of cemetery locus there is a very important aspect of understanding the cemetery as a tool for the formation of the socio-cultural identity of living people. I adhere to the point of view that the cemetery has always produced, and continues to produce, a variety of identities. While during the pre-Modern period the cemetery was a necessary element of individual self-understanding as a member of a certain community, in the Modern era the cemetery produces more particularistic identities. Modernity generates some universal and abstract schemes of identification, and by means of the repression of death from public consciousness, cemeteries lose their role as a focal point in social communication. I draw attention to the radical utopian ideas of the Russian philosopher Nikolai Fedorov, who not only considered the cemetery as a locus of memory, but also proclaimed the task of the transformation of cemeteries into a base for universal work on resurrection of dead ancestors and the restoration of brotherly relations in all mankind. 相似文献
963.
Scheike TH 《Lifetime data analysis》2006,12(4):461-480
I suggest an extension of the semiparametric transformation model that specifies a time-varying regression structure for the
transformation, and thus allows time-varying structure in the data. Special cases include a stratified version of the usual
semiparametric transformation model. The model can be thought of as specifying a first order Taylor expansion of a completely
flexible baseline. Large sample properties are derived and estimators of the asymptotic variances of the regression coefficients
are given. The method is illustrated by a worked example and a small simulation study. A goodness of fit procedure for testing
if the regression effects lead to a satisfactory fit is also suggested. 相似文献
964.
We investigate the effect of unobserved heterogeneity in the context of the linear transformation model for censored survival
data in the clinical trials setting. The unobserved heterogeneity is represented by a frailty term, with unknown distribution,
in the linear transformation model. The bias of the estimate under the assumption of no unobserved heterogeneity when it truly
is present is obtained. We also derive the asymptotic relative efficiency of the estimate of treatment effect under the incorrect
assumption of no unobserved heterogeneity. Additionally we investigate the loss of power for clinical trials that are designed
assuming the model without frailty when, in fact, the model with frailty is true. Numerical studies under a proportional odds
model show that the loss of efficiency and the loss of power can be substantial when the heterogeneity, as embodied by a frailty,
is ignored.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
965.
Both treatment efficacy and safety are typically the primary endpoints in Phase II, and even in some Phase III, clinical trials. Efficacy is frequently measured by time to response, death, or some other milestone event and thus is a continuous, possibly censored, outcome. Safety, however, is frequently measured on a discrete scale; in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group clinical trial E2290, it was measured as the number of weekly rounds of chemotherapy that were tolerable to colorectal cancer patients. For the joint analysis of efficacy and safety, we propose a non-parametric, computationally simple estimator for the bivariate survival function when one time-to-event is continuous, one is discrete, and both are subject to right-censoring. The bivariate censoring times may depend on each other, but they are assumed to be independent of both event times. We derive a closed-form covariance estimator for the survivor function which allows for inference to be based on any of several possible statistics of interest. In addition, we derive its covariance with respect to calendar time of analysis, allowing for its use in sequential studies. 相似文献
966.
Is the Study of Happiness a Worthy Scientific Pursuit? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper critiques the view that the study of happiness is not a worthy scientific pursuit. The happiness set point and
hedonic treadmill theories denote the complexity of increasing happiness levels due to genetic limitations and adaptation,
however, there is mounting evidence to suggest that with the use of appropriate measures and specific interventions aimed
at fostering strengths and virtues, happiness can be increased. Furthermore, the benefits of investigating methods for increasing
happiness include improvements in physical, psychological and social health and well-being. It is concluded that approaching
human needs from a top down or holistic standpoint where individuals can use their strengths to overcome life’s challenges,
is beneficial to health and well-being. Hence, the study of happiness is a worthy scientific pursuit. 相似文献
967.
This paper characterizes vulnerable workers in Canada and the federal jurisdiction, based upon characteristics such as employment
status, demographic characteristics, and job characteristics, and identifies areas in which labour standards may have a role.
Based on this analysis, the paper evaluates the potential for labour standards to address economic vulnerability, focusing
on labour standards policies aimed at wages and benefits, hours, and employment arrangements. In addition, the analysis considers
the extent to which labour standards are likely to reach vulnerable workers. The results suggest several potential roles for
labour standards and highlights policy implications.
相似文献
George A. SlotsveEmail: |
968.
969.
As STD infections including HIV increase in the United States, it has become increasingly important to policy makers to ascertain the extent to which knowledge and perceptions of AIDS risk affect an individual's probability of altering their sexual or contraceptive behavior to avoid infection. This paper examines the extent to which women's perceptions of their own and their partners' risk of HIV infection affects the probability of using a condom for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. This paper also examines the extent to which HIV testing may affect motivation for condom use. Crosstabulations reveal that prophylactic condom use is more prevalent among women who have been tested for HIV and increase as perceptions of their chance (and their partner's chance) of being positive increases. The multivariate results from this study indicate that having an HIV test significantly predicts the likelihood of using a condom for STD prevention for US women. Furthermore, women who perceive themselves to be at least somewhat likely to be HIV positive have a higher probability of using a condom to prevent sexually transmitted disease, and women who perceive their partners to be HIV positive are twice as likely as other women to use a condom for STD prevention. However, women who consider themselves likely to be HIV positive are no more likely to use a condom than those who consider themselves not at risk. 相似文献
970.
Our understanding of contemporary stepfamily life requires incorporating emerging trends in cohabitation and nonresident stepparenting into our `traditional' definition of a stepparent (married adult with resident stepchildren). Using the National Survey of Families and Households, I provide a demographic profile of stepparents that includes cohabiting and nonresident stepparents. Adopting this revised view of stepparenthood alters our knowledge of both the prevalence and composition of stepparent families. The `traditional' definition of a stepparent is shown to describe less thanhalf of all stepparents today. Results also highlight diversity in stepparents' parenting obligations and sociodemographic characteristics. This revised view of stepparenthood has implications for future research on and policy targeted at stepfamilies. 相似文献