休闲与幸福:错综复杂的关系

幸福感概念构建在人具有主动性这一假定上,即人们若欲获得幸福,必须积极行动,唯有借助个人努力才可实现。幸福感亦为目标,一旦达成便可证明一个人整体的幸福。因此,我们愿意朝着幸福和良好的生活品质而努力这一事实,也更深刻地诠释了幸福的本质。另外,心理和社会的双重积极是幸福感的源泉。幸福的人总能积极地对待生活,不论眼前还是今后。休闲能够带来幸福,但休闲并非幸福本身。事实上,休闲是一种活动,是人们在空闲时间为了让生活变得更精彩、更有意义而做的事情。总体而言,我们如果因某种休闲活动而感到幸福,表明我们至少在一定程度上得到了满足。虽然休闲并不等同于幸福,但毋庸置疑,它对创造幸福至关重要。我们在休闲研究中绝不能忽略休闲与幸福这个当今生活中最具活力领域之间的联系,否则,我们将会丧失提升休闲与科学及公众之间关联性的机会。     

The academic attitudes of American teenagers, 1990–2002: Cohort and gender effects on math achievement

Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 and the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, I compare the academic attitudes of high school students from Generation X and the Millennial Generation. I then analyze the effects these attitudes have on mathematics achievement test scores. Compared to the earlier group, students in the later cohort were less likely to indicate academic reasons for attending school and largely perceived their friends as being less engaged academically. Students in both cohorts whose friends held academic values experienced an increase in math scores. The more students in the earlier cohort disagreed that they came to school for academic reasons, the more their math scores decreased; this relationship did not appear for the later cohort. Females in each cohort showed stronger academic attitudes than males; additionally, believing that popularity was important was associated with lower test scores for females, but not males, in the Millennial cohort.     

“The Price You Pay”: How Female Professional Chefs Negotiate Work and Family

Work–family conflict can act as an important, and gendered, mechanism underlying women’s under-representation in male-dominated occupations. This study uses in-depth interviews to explore the experiences of female professional chefs in order to understand how women in a prestigious, yet male-dominated service occupation manage barriers relating to their balance of work and family responsibilities. Conflict between work and family responsibilities often stemmed from the long work hours expected of chefs and played a role in some of our participant’s decisions to leave kitchen work. Respondents in this study negotiate work–family conflict using three strategies: (1) delaying/forgoing childbearing to succeed as a chef; (2) leaving kitchen work for another job in the culinary field; and (3) adapting either work or family to make the two roles more compatible. Our conclusion discusses the implications of these strategies for gender inequality in the workplace, particularly for women in male-dominated occupations.     

私人刑事调查与侦查之比较

私人刑事调查作为自我保护与私力救济的重要手段,它同侦查存在着紧密联系。经过分析比较发现,一方面私人刑事调查与侦查有着明显同质性,这多涵盖最终目的、历史起源和启用手段种类三部分。另一方面它们二者又存在明显异质性,这主要包括基本性质、实施主体、启用手段比重、直接目的、运作范围、具体程序及受众心理七方面。     

哈萨克斯坦共和国的现代教育体制

哈萨克斯坦共和国的现代教育体制是国家经济的重要组成部分 ,是国家内外安全的保证。国家安全的方方面面 :经济和军事、生态和技术、文化和管理——都对教育体系有影响。教育体制质量上的转变对国家的主权、政治及经济上真正的独立都发挥着重要的作用。本文分析了哈萨克教育体制中基本因素的动态变化情况     

Like Mother(-in-Law) Like Daughter? Influence of the Older Generation’s Fertility Behaviours on Women’s Desired Family Size in Bihar,India

This paper investigates the associations between preferred family size of women in rural Bihar, India and the fertility behaviours of their mother and mother-in-law. Scheduled interviews of 440 pairs of married women aged 16–34 years and their mothers-in-law were conducted in 2011. Preferred family size is first measured by Coombs scale, allowing us to capture latent desired number of children and then categorized into three categories (low, medium and high). Women’s preferred family size is estimated using ordered logistic regression. We find that the family size preferences are not associated with mother’s fertility but with mother’s education. Mother-in-law’s desired number of grandchildren is positively associated with women’s preferred family size. However, when the woman has higher education than her mother-in-law, her preferred family size gets smaller, suggesting that education provides women with greater autonomy in their decision-making on childbearing.     

Bayesian prediction for progressively censored data from the Burr model

Received: August 14, 2000; revised version: April 23, 2001