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171.
Breeding bird communities in Berlin were investigated at five study sites, which represent an structural urban-rural gradient,
from densely built-up areas with sealed ground to green areas such as large parks. In this paper, we tested the Hasse Diagram
Technique (HDT), an approach belonging to partial order theory, for its appropriateness to extract information about changes
in species composition from our data set. As expected, the overall number of bird species was positively correlated with the
urban-rural gradient, increasing from 12 found in the city center to 28 in an urban park. By HDT analysis, four different
sub-groups of birds could be identified, contributing differentially to the increase in species number: (1) ubiquists, i.e.,
species found at each study site, (2) a sub-group, the species’ number of which was positively correlated with the urban-rural
gradient, increasing with increasingly green areas, (3) a sub-group, the species’ number of which was negatively correlated
with the urban-rural gradient, decreasing with a declining density of buildings, and (4) species, the distribution of which
did not show any correlation with the urban-rural gradient. The results show that HDT is a suitable tool for formalized analysis
of the pattern of species’ communities along an environmental gradient. 相似文献
172.
Dr. Harald Pühl 《Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching》2008,15(3):341-352
The author demonstrates basing on a case study, that the development of a consultation system is a process that requires time and patience of everyone involved. Not a fast decided definition of a consultation method with the corresponding setting is the first step but a clarification of the request. That is what the author is pleading for a phase of detailed analysis with the potential client. 相似文献
173.
Incorporation of the behavioral issues of the decision maker (DM) is among the aspects that each Multicriteria Decision Making
(MCDM) method implicitly or explicitly takes into account. As postulated by regret theory, the feelings of regret and rejoice
are among the behavioral issues associated with the entire decision making process. Within the context of MCDM, the DM may
feel regret, when the chosen alternative is compared with another one having at least one better criterion value. PROMETHEE
II is a widely known MCDM method that makes no explicit incorporation of regret attitude of the DM. In this paper, we elaborate
on the applicability of regret theory to MCDM context. In particular, we investigate the findings of regret theory and explore
the parallel between regret theory and PROMETHEE II method. Relying on the concepts of regret theory, we demonstrate how a
decision that is made using a PROMETHEE II based outranking method conforms to the regret attitude of the DM. 相似文献
174.
“诉调对接”的理论透视及制度建构——司法救济与社会救济的互补性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从实证分析的角度剖析了“诉调对接”的内涵和正当性基础,从理论上寻求“诉调对接”的存在价值,指出“诉调对接”是实现司法救济与社会救济互补的最佳途径和有效平台。同时结合司法实践,就“诉调对接”的原则确定、流程设置、平台搭建、核心保障等问题提出具体设想,并对构建“诉调对接”的司法审查制度进行了积极探索,就司法审查的程序启动、审查原则、结果判断、强制执行等方面提出了一些新观点。 相似文献
175.
The term “information” has become a universal and omnipresent keyword in almost all areas of our modern world—be it in science or society in general. This is not only obvious from the naming of whole scientific branches like Information Theory, Information Science or Informatics but even more from common speaking—characterising our present time and society as information age viz. information society. However, what “information” might mean, is by no means clear and there is a wide range of interpretations covering, among others, its technical, communicational, educational, mental, and scientific aspects. But is the use of the same term justified when adopted in Biology, Physics, Archaeology, Law, Communication Technology, and Informatics (to list just a few of the involved scientific branches) or do its different uses at least have some common characteristics—some sort of common denominator? Is information natural, e.g. manifesting itself as a material phenomenon residing in organisms, stars, atoms, or genes, or is it just a cultural product of human communication, thinking, and interpretation? In this article, we try to clarify some of the most important interpretations, discuss and contrast them with the Informatics point of view. Interpretations range from taking information as material, transferable signals (following Shannon’s Information Theory or the genetic approaches), treating it as a sign (following a semiotic approach), as a commercial product (now common in Web-based Information Business) to considering it a pure mental phenomenon bound to humans or human-like individuals or even to groups and societies. Based on these interpretations, we shall throw a critical glance on current trends in human science and society—focusing on the now popular concept of “information society”—and then derive some theses and guidelines for further research escorting the growth and dispersal of information technology. As it will turn out, an information society which defines itself through the number of computers, internet connections and network links is based on a very narrow, techno-centric concept of information. However, a reflection on the educational and cultural aspects of information might lead to a better-qualified society consisting of responsible and critical citizens. 相似文献
176.
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178.
Hübner Maria Martha Costa Austin John Miguel Caio F. 《The Analysis of verbal behavior》2008,24(1):55-62
In the current study, tacts with positive qualifying autoclitics for reading were reinforced in order to determine if this procedure would increase the time spent reading by participants. Participants included 5 children, between 9–10 years old. Participants were individually exposed to 4 free operant sessions during which they were instructed to independently choose play activities. During pre- and post-treatment conditions, no consequences were provided for choosing reading. In addition, 4 treatment sessions were conducted on days separate from the free operant session days, during which the experimenter praised each positive reading-related statement emitted by the participant. Following treatment sessions, 4 out of 5 participants increased the time allocated to reading, suggesting that reading could be increased when praise is delivered contingent upon positive reading-related verbalizations. 相似文献
179.
Volker Müller-Benedict 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2007,59(4):615-639
Social inequality of student achievement in school has a variety of causes, all of them are well investigated scientifically. But, if a particular cause could be neutralized, which of these causes would have the strongest effect of reducing social inequality? Based on data of the PISA 2000 study, the contribution argues that the secondary social effect, which mainly represents the parental decisions for transitions to different branches of the higher educational system, has at least the same quantity as the primary social effect, which consists in all family background conditions of a student. Simple simulations show how the social inequality will change, if either the primary or the secondary social effect are neutralized. These changes cannot be forecasted in an easy or linear way under different conditions. 相似文献
180.
Agnieszka Joniak-Lüthi 《Asian Ethnicity》2015,16(4):428-445
Starting from the idea that places are socially constructed, this essay explores how a place is established and lived in Xinjiang by the members of the area’s two largest ethnicities, the Uyghur and the Han. This article demonstrates that there are differences in the ways Han and Uyghur imagine and ‘live’ Xinjiang.1 At the same time it asserts that Uyghur and Han do not establish distinct spatial relationships just because of their ethnicity, but also to enhance ethnic solidarity and boundaries vis-à-vis the other. This essay also demonstrates that places are historically contingent, and discusses the ways in which the influx of temporary Han migrants and settlers – and Han capital – has generated new layers of spatial meaning and new power differentials. 相似文献