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151.
Two distinctly different quantitative approaches are used to evaluate measurement instruments: the split‐ballot experiment and the multitrait‐multimethod (MTMM) approach. The first approach is typically used to indicate whether variation in the method causes differences in the response distribution; the second approach evaluates the reliability and validity of different methods. The new approach, suggested in this paper, combines the more attractive features of both methods. The strength of the split‐ballot experiment is its use of independent random samples from the same population to provide information about differences in response distributions. This is also possible with the new approach, but this approach provides more detailed information about the reasons for the differences. The MTMM approach provides information about reliability and validity on the basis of repeated observation of the same traits using different methods. This information is also provided by the new design. The difference is that the new approach reduces the need for repeated observations of the same trait. Each sample is provided with a different combination of only two methods and the complete model with all methods is estimated as a multiple‐group model. This reduces the burden for respondents and also reduces memory and order effects. Alternative designs and estimation methods are discussed, their efficiency is analyzed, and illustrations are provided . 相似文献
152.
The theory of best affine prediction (BAP) is extended to the vector case with possibly singular variance matrix of the predictor
variable. The theory is then applied to derive Thomson’s classical predictor for factor scores, allowing for a singular variance
matrix of the factors. The results are formulated in a free distribution setting. Further, Bartlett’s estimator is considered
and compared with Thomson’s predictor.
The authors are thankful to the two referees, one for a suggestion that led to the Addendum of the paper, and the other one
for several very useful remarks. Research supported by the Spanish grant BEC2000-0983. 相似文献
153.
Barbara Entwisle Albert I. Hermalin Peerasit Kamnuansilpa Apichat Chamratrithirong 《Demography》1984,21(4):559-574
This paper assesses the ways in which the availability of family planning program outlets influences the likelihood of contraceptive use in rural Thailand. It focuses on a village-level measure of actual availability of sources rather than respondent perceptions of availability. Individuallevel and village-level data collected as part of the second Thailand Contraceptive Prevalence Survey are used to test three hypotheses about the effects of actual availability: that (a) availability of family planning outlets increases the likelihood of contraceptive use; (b) it enhances the effect of a desire for no more children on the likelihood of use; and (c) it weakens the positive relationship between education and the likelihood of use. 相似文献
154.
155.
Albert E. Gollin 《The American Sociologist》1987,18(4):320-323
The future of federal support for sociology (and the other social sciences) will depend on the continued mobilization efforts
of COSSA and upon public recognition of sociological contributions to the realization of two prime sets of values. Sociology
can best affect this future by improving its record of visibly effective work in pursuit of the larger public interest. 相似文献
156.
A model for directional data in q dimensions is studied. The data are assumed to arise from a distribution with a density on a sphere of q — 1 dimensions. The density is unimodal and rotationally symmetric, but otherwise of unknown form. The posterior distribution of the unknown mode (mean direction) is derived, and small-sample posterior inference is discussed. The posterior mean of the density is also given. A numerical method for evaluating posterior quantities based on sampling a Markov chain is introduced. This method is generally applicable to problems involving unknown monotone functions. 相似文献
157.
George Nicholson Albert V. Smith Frosti Jónsson Ómar Gústafsson Kári Stefánsson Peter Donnelly 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2002,64(4):695-715
Summary. We introduce a new, hierarchical, model for single-nucleotide polymorphism allele frequencies in a structured population, which is naturally fitted via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. There is one parameter for each population, closely analogous to a population-specific version of Wright's F ST , which can be interpreted as measuring how isolated the relevant population has been. Our model includes the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphism ascertainment and is motivated by population genetics considerations, explicitly in the transient setting after divergence of populations, rather than as the equilibrium of a stochastic model, as is traditionally the case. For the sizes of data set that we consider the method provides good parameter estimates and considerably outperforms estimation methods analogous to those currently used in practice. We apply the method to one new and one existing human data set, each with rather different characteristics—the first consisting of three rather close European populations; the second of four populations taken from across the globe. A novelty of our framework is that the fit of the underlying model can be assessed easily, and these results are encouraging for both data sets analysed. Our analysis suggests that Iceland is more differentiated than the other two European populations (France and Utah), a finding which is consistent with the historical record, but not obvious from comparisons of simple summary statistics. 相似文献
158.
159.
中国目前面临着严峻的就业形势。人口年龄结构的迅速转变严重影响着中国劳动力资源的供给状况。今后20年是劳动力资源最为丰富的时期,每年劳动力资源的供给总量超过8亿,每年新增劳动年龄人口超过1000万。如此规模庞大的劳动力资源和新增就业人口,对中国经济的发展来说既有发展的优势,又是巨大的挑战。丰富的劳动力资源是中国在世界经济体系中最大的竞争优势。这种优势在中国成为 WTO正式成员之后变得更加明显。市场导向经济改革的主要目的就是要让市场发挥更大的配置资源的作用。这意味着就业和失业问题今后要更多地靠市场去… 相似文献
160.