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The current study examined the ethnic identity of White (N = 120), Latino (N = 87), and African‐American (N = 65) children and early adolescents (aged = 9–14 years), with an emphasis on whether the specific ethnic label White children used to describe themselves might reflect differences in their inter‐group attitudes and whether those differences mirror group differences between White children and children in ethnic minority groups. Results indicated that White children who identified with a minority label (i.e., White biracial, hyphenated American, ethnic/cultural/religious label) had more positive ethnic identities, were more aware of discrimination, and were less likely to show biases in their perceived similarity to in‐group and out‐group peers than youth who identified as White or American. In many instances, White children who identified with a minority label did not differ from ethnic minority youth. In addition, although all participants were more positive about their ethnic in‐group than out‐groups, children who identified their ethnicity as American were less positive about out‐groups relative to other children. Taken together, the findings indicate that children's self‐chosen ethnic identity is as important as their ascribed ethnic or racial identity in predicting their inter‐group attitudes. 相似文献
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Designing a social security pension system 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert L. Brown 《International social security review》2008,61(1):61-79
Abstract This paper looks at potential models of social security pension systems. It refers often to the systems that exist in the United States and Canada (the latter more particularly) to outline the issues involved in attempting to design a "good" social security pension system. Of course, one of the issues is the definition of "good". This paper will use criteria such as poverty alleviation, retirement income adequacy, benefit/contribution sustainability, income equality and wealth distribution. In the course of the discussion, the reader will be exposed to many issues that need to be addressed in the establishment of any social security pension system in the world. This may prove to be helpful in countries where new systems are established (and even for evolving systems). It is also hoped that future students of social security will find this paper helpful in that it is meant to lay out some basic principles consistent with good social security pension design. 相似文献
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Michael Brown 《Serials Review》2013,39(4):374-377
AbstractThis installment of “They Might Be Giants” highlights a small online/print zine from New York called Pindeldyboz. Described by its editor Whitney Pastorek as a lit mag, Pindeldyboz publishes new fiction every week or so at the Web site but then publishes longer fiction once a year in the annual print zine of the same name. While this may indicate a split personality on the part of the editor/publisher, the goals of both the print and online versions are the same: to publish good fiction. 相似文献
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Abstract Major problems apparent in studies evaluating the performance of employees across a large number of shifts often involve data missing due to a lack of employee participation in all possible shifts, and large variance around central tendency estimators owing to extreme responses on performance measures. These problems and possible solutions are considered here with reference to a data set collected from a number of shiftworkers in the steel industry. Data were collected from 28 employees over a morning shift and night-shift roster. The shift consisted of two cycles of MORNING-MORNING-NIGHT-NIGHT. The employees were male computer operators working a 12-h shift. The work required them to be constantly alert, and to read, monitor and respond to messages from multiple media channels. Included in the test battery were five performance indicators of cognitive speed and power. This battery was delivered using two IBM computers, which controlled the sequences and administration of the cognitive tasks. Administration of the battery was conducted in the work room and undertaken as close as possible to starting work, and as close as possible to completing work. The findings indicate that regression modelling was the most efficient way of estimating missing data. The use of M-estimators reduced the influence of extreme values on parameter estimation, and increased effect size over that observed using raw data. 相似文献
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Elizabeth K. Brown 《Sociology Compass》2012,6(8):601-613
Public opinion is often described as a powerful force in penal policymaking in the USA. Unfortunately, research on public opinion in penal policymaking has been limited by inattention to a number of important variables: definitions of public opinion, individual and interpersonal constructions of public opinion by political leaders themselves, state differences in historical contexts and political cultures regarding public engagement and political influence, and diversity in the roles of public opinion at different levels of government. This paper considers current dilemmas in this area of inquiry and reviews recent research in order to highlight potentially fruitful new directions for research. 相似文献
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