A Bootstrap Approach for Testing Marginal Independence Between Two Categorical Variables When Subjects Have Repeated Responses

To assess independence in two-way contingency tables, the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test are typically used. These tests assume that each subject contributes at most one count to only one table cell (e.g., sex versus blood type). In other situations, each subject may have more than one count contributing to the table and these counts may occur in different cells of the table. One may wish to test independence, adjusting for the within-subject correlation. We provide a simple nonparametric bootstrap approach and assess its performance through simulation studies. The method is illustrated on subjects with multiple mental health presentations to Emergency Departments.     

Developmental Changes in Infants’ Ability to Cope with Dialect Variation in Word Recognition

Toward the end of their first year of life, infants’ overly specified word representations are thought to give way to more abstract ones, which helps them to better cope with variation not relevant to word identity (e.g., voice and affect). This developmental change may help infants process the ambient language more efficiently, thus enabling rapid gains in vocabulary growth. One particular kind of variability that infants must accommodate is that of dialectal accent, because most children will encounter speakers from different regions and backgrounds. In this study, we explored developmental changes in infants’ ability to recognize words in continuous speech by familiarizing them with words spoken by a speaker of their own region (North Midland‐American English) or a different region (Southern Ontario Canadian English), and testing them with passages spoken by a speaker of the opposite dialectal accent. Our results demonstrate that 12‐ but not 9‐month‐olds readily recognize words in the face of dialectal variation.     

Anxiety Among an Australian Sample of Young Girls Adopted From China

This study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge about post-adoption functioning of international adoptees by examining patterns of anxiety among young children adopted from China by Australian families. The study had two objectives: to examine anxiety in children adopted from China comparing this sample to available normative data and to examine the associations among child anxiety and child (e.g., age at adoption) and parent (e.g., age, education level) factors. Parents of 59 children adopted from China completed online a number of measures of child anxiety, temperament, and parent psychological well-being. Results indicated a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms among the adopted children when compared with available data from normative samples, particularly related to separation contexts. A number of factors, including inhibited temperament and younger age of parents, were associated with child anxiety. Clinical and research implications are discussed.     

作为哲学的宗教和作为宗教的哲学——论哲学、宗教和神学之间的关系

哲学、宗教和神学之间具有多样性,它们之间具有互惠关系。三者的区别体现在:哲学指研究万有或整个实在的第一原则或第一因;宗教在源初意义上涉及人和神之间的关系;特定的神学在基督教中发展起来,用以解释旧约和新约中神圣启示的内涵。从比较哲学和宗教来看,它们之间的区别有:宗教直接献身于神,哲学的对象是作为存在的存在;宗教以将自身献身于神圣权威的信仰为基础,哲学在其自身的知识领域之中则是自主的,以人类理性为其唯一权威;宗教态度热望获得拯救、修和以及与神圆融,哲学志在获得有关实在的原因的知识。宗教和哲学之间的共同点在于都具有实在主义精神。从比较宗教和神学来看,宗教和基督教神学在信仰神上是一致的,但神学以科学方式研习神圣启示的内涵。从比较哲学和神学来看,哲学没有信仰,神学具有信仰,其共同点是实在主义。今天人们尝试着将神学和生存主义哲学联合起来,其中序言部分是哲学,结论性部分是神学。     

Sampling Weights for Analyses of Couple Data: Example of the Demographic and Health Surveys

In some surveys, women and men are interviewed separately in selected households, allowing matching of partner information and analyses of couples. Although individual sampling weights exist for men and women, sampling weights specific for couples are rarely derived. We present a method of estimating appropriate weights for couples that extends methods currently used in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for individual weights. To see how results vary, we analyze 1912 estimates (means; proportions; linear regression; and simple and multinomial logistic regression coefficients, and their standard errors) with couple data in each of 11 DHS surveys in which the couple weight could be derived. We used two measures of bias: absolute percentage difference from the value estimated with the couple weight and ratio of the absolute difference to the standard error using the couple weight. The latter shows greater bias for means and proportions, whereas the former and a combination of both measures show greater bias for regression coefficients. Comparing results using couple weights with published results using women’s weights for a logistic regression of couple contraceptive use in Turkey, we found that 6 of 27 coefficients had a bias above 5 %. On the other hand, a simulation of varying response rates (27 simulations) showed that median percentage bias in a logistic regression was less than 3 % for 17 of 18 coefficients. Two proxy couple weights that can be calculated in all DHS surveys perform considerably better than either male or female weights. We recommend that a couple weight be calculated and made available with couple data from such surveys.     

“She invited other people to that space”: audience habitus,place, and social justice in Beyoncé’s Lemonade

We argue that place offers an effective framework for connecting popular culture with social justice narratives by exploring audience interpretations of Lemonade in 2016’s tumultuous racial climate. Working from interviews with 35 of Lemonade’s listeners/viewers regarding their understanding of the album, we argue that audience members used Lemonade to plot spaces of racial pride, community, and equality. Supporting previous audience studies’ findings, Beyoncé’s audiences engaged actively with the text and explored the complex symbolism through interpretive communities, but the audiences we spoke with also transcended these spaces. Using Lemonade as a tool to understand and reimagine historical social movements, audiences deployed the album to cultivate an anti-racist habitus in attempts to make their worlds more just.     

Interpretative accounts of work capacity assessment policy for young adults with disabilities

Young adults with disabilities are a specific target of the welfare-to-work policy introduced by many OECD countries over the past decade. The implementation of these policies is a significant concern for service delivery organisations and advocates in Australia and internationally due to complex intersecting structural barriers that persist for many young adults with disabilities. A particular focus of this article is work capacity assessments. Drawing on socio-political theories and interpretive policy analysis, the 22 in-depth interviews with personnel from service delivery organisations and advocacy organisations reveal how the deemed capacity to work process is not only interpreted as flawed, but the current policy approach disables young adults, perpetuates stigma, and creates division between service users and service providers. The accounts reinforce the need to contest such assessments and instead turn towards a rights-based capability approach permitting young adults with disability self-determination over their education-to-employment pathway.     

Cohabiting Men’s Preferences for and Roles in Determining the Outcomes of Unexpected Pregnancies1

Growing numbers of men are fathering children within cohabiting unions. However, we know little about their desires for and preferred roles in making fertility decisions. To address this gap, I use data from 61 in‐depth interviews with working‐ and middle‐class cohabiting men to examine their stated preferences should their partners experience an unplanned pregnancy. For some men, the decision appears to be a relatively stable personal or political one, but most draw on their current relationships and/or financial or maturational situations when noting their desires. A subsample of 22 men from this group who have experienced pregnancies is used to explore men’s actual roles in negotiating whether a conception was terminated or carried to term. Despite the fact that most men would like to have input into decisions to abort or carry a pregnancy to term, the majority were not actually involved in making decisions with their partners (especially the decision to abort) when pregnancies occurred. Results are interpreted in light of social class differences in family formation processes.