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721.
Are risk preferences stable? Comparing an experimental measure with a validated survey-based measure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We examine the stability of risk preference within subjects by comparing measures obtained from two elicitation methods, an
economics experiment with real monetary rewards and a survey with questions on hypothetical gambles. The survey questions
have been validated by numerous empirical studies of investment, insurance demand, smoking and alcohol use, and recent studies
have shown the experimental measure is associated with several real-world risky behaviors. For the majority of subjects, we
find that risk preferences are not stable across elicitation methods. In interval regression models subjects’ risk preference
classifications from survey questions on job-based gambles are not associated with risk preference estimates from the experiment.
However, we find that risk classifications from inheritance-based gambles are significantly associated with the experimental
measure. We identify some subjects for whom risk preference estimates are more strongly correlated across elicitation methods,
suggesting that unobserved subject traits like comprehension or effort influence risk preference stability. 相似文献
722.
In 2008 the authors held "Involving Interface," a lively interdisciplinary event focusing on issues of biological, sociocultural, and technological interfacing (see Acknowledgments). Inspired by discussions at this event, in this article, we further discuss the value of input from neuroscience for developing robots and machine interfaces, and the value of philosophy, the humanities, and the arts for identifying persistent links between human interfacing and broader ethical concerns. The importance of ongoing interdisciplinary debate and public communication on scientific and technical advances is also highlighted. Throughout, the authors explore the implications of the extended mind hypothesis for notions of moral accountability and robotics. 相似文献
723.
Over the past ten years, sociologists have broadened their view of what counts as an appropriate measure of mental health. This reflects a growing recognition that individuals express emotional upset in various ways. For example, some individuals are more likely to become depressed in response to stress while others are more likely to drink heavily. Contemporary studies often include measures of "internalizing" (i.e., more feeling-based measures) and "externalizing" (i.e., more behavioral measures) styles of psychopathology, especially when studying group differences in mental health. Alcohol abuse is the classic measure of externalized distress in sociological research. In this paper, we present a theoretical argument and supporting empirical evidence to argue that violent behavior should be included as a measure of externalized distress in response to stress. Our study suggests that violent behavior is a more likely response to stress among individuals with particular coping and appraisal tendencies. Specifically, violent behavior may be a more likely response to stress among individuals who tend to appraise situations as threatening while also repressing any emotional response to stress. We contend that, since some groups may be more likely than others to respond to stress with violence, it is particularly important to include measures of violent behavior when studying group difference in distress. 相似文献
724.
725.
A ninth-grade alcohol education program aimed at reducing drinking, drinking and driving, and riding with a drinking driver was developed on the basis of problem behavior theory, social cognitive theory and role theory. In Year 1 the program was taught by Social Studies teachers to half of the eighty-four ninth-grade classes in all nine junior high schools in a single school system; the other half served as controls. In Year 2 the program was taught to the ninth-grade students of the same school system by English teachers. Students' knowledge, skills and practices were measured before and four-six weeks and one year after the program. Results indicated significant increases in knowledge and perceived ability to resist pressures to drink among experimental students. No significant differences were noted for the drinking or the drinking and driving practices of either group. One year after the program, significantly fewer students in the experimental classes reported riding with a driver who had been drinking. Results suggested that English teachers were more effective than Social Studies teachers in teaching this program. 相似文献
726.
Routine screening for alcohol abuse in primary care, with brief advice to stop drinking for those screening positive, can detect individuals with alcohol problems and reduce alcohol use and alcohol induced problems in those detected. Not everyone with alcohol problems sees a physician regularly, however, and not all respond to a physician's brief advice. To explore the feasibility of expanding screening for alcohol problems to clergy, we did a mailed survey to 315 clergy at Christian churches in Cleveland, Ohio. Clergy reported a variety of views about alcohol use and abuse, but most agreed that alcoholism is a disease. They indicated counseling a significant number of parishioners, and were receptive to learning brief screening questions to detect alcohol problems. We conclude that many clergy would be interested in a strategy of screening and then giving brief advice or referral to individuals found to have alcohol problems. 相似文献
727.
Rae Anderson 《Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless》1997,6(1):1-12
This article examines the multivalenced meaning of “street” in a nonprofit shared housing project for chronically homeless street people in Toronto. Findings suggest the importance of the design of the built environment in facilitating a sense of empowerment for residents. The street becomes a marker of identity, a boundary where public and private meet, where marginality is reconfigured, where a sense of community thrives, and where the performance of arrivals and departures is spatially, aurally, and visually mapped. 相似文献
728.
729.
Peter D. Jacobson Jeffrey Wasserman & John R. Anderson 《The Journal of social issues》1997,53(1):75-95
In this paper we describe the legislative and regulatory history of tobacco control efforts and discuss ways in which the debate over tobacco control has been framed. From a regulatory perspective, primary concern is how to balance the individual's legal use of tobacco products with society's obligation to limit the use of a lethal product. Our review demonstrates the progress tobacco control advocates have made in enacting statewide legislation and local ordinances, especially during the past fifteen years, to restrict both smoking in public places and youth access to tobacco products. Nevertheless, this progress may be threatened by a powerful and determined tobacco industry. We discuss various strategies for determining how and where to allocate tobacco control resources. 相似文献
730.
Ralph Anderson 《Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless》1996,5(4):369-380
Successful adaptation to street life requires that risk of violence, an often present aspect of this lifestyle, be reduced to as low a level as possible. This means knowing the informal rules which permit avoiding the pitfalls of street life. It is argued in this paper that safety and security are a function of interactions occurring within a specific place, with particular associates, and involving safe and unsafe behavior. Carelessness with respect to any of these factors can result in victimization. These issues are discussed using survey and ethnographic data collected in Chattanooga. 相似文献